Abstract: For friction reduction in sliding bearing, it is known to structure the sliding surface (1) by ECM by introducing a plurality of microscopic small indentations (27). According to the invention it is proposed in particular in the same process step to smoothen also the intermediary spaces (6) between the indentations (27), thus to remove the tips of the surface profile.

Abstract: In order to reduce friction of a crank shaft during operation by a large amount with low complexity through structuring sliding bearing surfaces (1) of the crank shaft through controlled introduction of microscopically small indentations (27) it is proposed for the center bearings and the crank bearings to only structure highly loaded portions of the bearing surface in circumferential direction and also in axial direction since this is already difficult to achieve in view of the operating gap towards the tool that only has a size of a few ?m.

Abstract: For friction reduction in sliding bearing, it is known to structure the sliding surface (1) by ECM by introducing a plurality of microscopic small indentations (27). According to the invention it is proposed in particular in the same process step to smoothen also the intermediary spaces (6) between the indentations (27), thus to remove the tips of the surface profile.

Abstract: It is proposed according to the invention for structuring of straight bearing surfaces (1) with microscopically small indentations (27) in particular produced by electro chemical material removal to limit the surface portion of the indentations to 15% to 40% of the entire structured surface since this reduces manufacturing complexity whereas a larger surface portion with indentations (27) hardly generates any further reduction of friction in the straight bearing.

Abstract: In order to reduce friction of a crank shaft during operation by a large amount with low complexity through structuring sliding bearing surfaces (1) of the crank shaft through controlled introduction of microscopically small indentations (27) it is proposed for the center bearings and the crank bearings to only structure highly loaded portions of the bearing surface in circumferential direction and also in axial direction since this is already difficult to achieve in view of the operating gap towards the tool that only has a size of a few ?m.

Abstract: In order to prevent a subsequent imbalance of a finished crank shaft a work piece is rotated about an A-axis and a B-axis before introducing aligned centering bore holes (balanced centering) according to the invention instead of transversally offsetting the centering bore holes (geometric balancing) which is known in the art.

Abstract: An optical component includes an optical element, a mount for the optical element, and a temperature control device configured to control a temperature of a part of the mount based on at least one parameter selected from the group consisting of a coefficient of expansion of a substrate of the optical element, and a coefficient of expansion of a material of the mount.

Abstract: An optical component comprises at least one optically effective optical element which heats up when irradiated with light, and at least one holding element for the at least one optical element for holding the at least one optical element in a carrier structure, wherein the at least one optical element is connected to the at least one holding element in heat conducting fashion, and wherein the at least one holding element is at least partially provided with an active cooling system for carrying off heat from the at least one optical element. Additionally or alternatively, a temperature control device is provided which controls the temperature of at least a part of the mount of the optical element.

Abstract: An optical component comprises at least one optically effective optical element which heats up when irradiated with light, and at least one holding element for the at least one optical element for holding the at least one optical element in a carrier structure, wherein the at least one optical element is connected to the at least one holding element in heat conducting fashion, and wherein the at least one holding element is at least partially provided with an active cooling system for carrying off heat from the at least one optical element. Additionally or alternatively, a temperature control device is provided which controls the temperature of at least a part of the mount of the optical element.

Abstract: An optical component comprises at least one optically effective optical element which heats up when irradiated with light, and at least one holding element for the at least one optical element for holding the at least one optical element in a carrier structure, wherein the at least one optical element is connected to the at least one holding element in heat conducting fashion, and wherein the at least one holding element is at least partially provided with an active cooling system for carrying off heat from the at least one optical element. Additionally or alternatively, a temperature control device is provided which controls the temperature of at least a part of the mount of the optical element.

Abstract: An optical component comprises at least one optically effective optical element which heats up when irradiated with light, and at least one holding element for the at least one optical element for holding the at least one optical element in a carrier structure, wherein the at least one optical element is connected to the at least one holding element in heat conducting fashion, and wherein the at least one holding element is at least partially provided with an active cooling system for carrying off heat from the at least one optical element. Additionally or alternatively, a temperature control device is provided which controls the temperature of at least a part of the mount of the optical element.

Abstract: Polyvinyl chloride bottles of thin-wall construction are characterized by low oxygen and carbon dioxide permeability and a minimum amount of total additives and, in particular, a low thermal stabilizer content; in addition these bottles have improved tensile and bursting strength, elasticity, and drop resistance making them most suitable for containing oxygen sensitive and carbonated beverages. The bottles are made by forming a preform, comprising at least 70% vinyl chloride polymer material, at a temperature within the thermoplastic temperature range of the material, adjusting the temperature of the preform to within its thermoelastic range from 90.degree.C. to 140.degree.C., and biaxially stretching the preform by rapidly blow molding it to the dimensions of the mold achieving rates of stretch between about 100% and 1000% and above per second.