Abstract: A packing apparatus has an input device which includes an advancing device for forwarding a wrapper sheet of indefinite length in a feeding direction along a conveying path; a processing device for performing an operation on the wrapper sheet; a cutting device severing the wrapper sheet transversely to the feeding direction for consecutively forming wrapper sheet lengths; and a bag-shaping device arranged downstream of the input device as viewed in the feeding direction, for receiving wrapper sheet lengths from the input device. The input device comprises a monitoring device for sensing the wrapper sheet and for generating a signal upon detecting a defect in the wrapper sheet and a deflecting device arranged downstream of the monitoring device and the cutting device for deflecting a defective wrapper sheet, in response to the signal, out of the conveying path into a waste position.

Abstract: A volumetric metering apparatus for dosing constant quantities of granular material includes a generally vertically oriented shaft having a shaft axis, a cylindrical trough having a generally horizontal trough base and being mounted on the shaft for rotation about the shaft axis and a plurality of metering receptacles secured to the trough base and extending downwardly therefrom. Each metering receptacle has a top opening being in a continuous communication with a space above the trough base and a bottom outlet openable and closable by a shutoff element. There is further provided an evener device stationarily supported above the trough base. The metering receptacles are arranged to be brought in succession into alignment with the evener device by the rotation of the cylindrical trough. The evener device has a radial dimension measured parallel to the trough base; the radial dimension is greater than a diametral dimension of each top opening.

Abstract: In a process for casting metal strip, in particular steel strip, the liquid metal is discharged from a casting nozzle which has the same width as the strip onto a continuously moving, cooled conveyor belt, and the plane of the nozzle mouth is set for the thickness of the metal strip to be cast, i.e. at an acute angle to the plane of the conveyor belt. To maintain the casting speed at the nozzle mouth on the conveyor belt, i.e. to prevent shearing forces of the flow layers and thus a speed profile with negative components, the invention proposes that with a conveyor belt running at an inclination to the horizontal in the casting direction, the inclination of the conveyor belt in the casting direction is set as a function of the casting speed, which should be equal to the conveyor belt speed, and as a function of the material parameters of the liquid metal.

Abstract: A method of continuous casting of ingots having a cross section with a high width to height or thickness ratio includes the steps of using a mold with a corresponding cross section and a casting pipe with bottom or near-bottom outlets and having laterally a minimum distance from the wall of the mold; preheating the casting pipe prior to casting to a temperature being at least approximately similar to the temperature of the metal later to be poured into the mold; initially closing the bottom outlet of the mold prior to startup; pouring molten metal into the mold for filling the mold up to a particular level while continuing heating the casting pipe; commencing withdrawal of an ingot from the mold along a curved path when the level of molten metal in the mold has reached the level of the outlet or outlets of the casting pipe.

Abstract: Molten metal is sprayed onto a rotational mandrel which oscillates axially and an axial translatory extraction motion is superimposed for removing the built-up hollow from the mandrel.

Abstract: An apparatus for continuously casting metal for obtaining a substantially flat casting includes a vessel having a bottom opening defined by side walls and by a rear wall and a tiltable front wall, the rear and front walls ending at different levels so that the bottom opening has a horizontal as well as a vertical component; a planar metal, endless belt is disposed underneath the opening and defines a casting gap together with the front wall, the more downwardly extending rear wall in conjunction with that casting gap deflects casting material from a down flow directly into the horizontal; a meniscus seals the rear wall against the belt; the belt is spray cooled from below.

Abstract: Apparatus for controlling the oscillations of a mold for continuous casting of metal, the mold being mounted on a table which is connected, in turn, to three spaced apart drives and three load relief springs; three displacement path transducers track each of the drives; a source of reference signals provides reference signals representing the desired oscillation, as to contour, amplitude and rate; actual and reference signals are compared by and in stages which provide correction signals for the drives.

Abstract: An electrode assembly for a furnace having a refractory lining. The electrode assembly has a conductive casing which houses a replacement body. The casing is sheathed by a conical refractory component with the broad end of the component disposed at the exterior of the furnace and the narrow end adjacent the head of the electrode. The replacement body of the electrode has a central bore, a chamber at the head of the electrode, an annular slit defined between the replacement body, and an outlet through which a cooling fluid is circulated by a suction pump connected to the electrode through the outlet. The electrode head is arranged in the refractory lining of the furnace to provide a space for the deposit of solidified molten melt which forms a protective layer over the electrode head.