Abstract: In a gas laser whose housing is composed of metal caps and a hollow tube of glass or ceramic, whereby the parts are joined with a glass solder connection have a low melting temperature, i.e. with a glass solder that contains lead borate, a durable, vacuum-tight connection is guaranteed in that the metal cap is shaped such that its free edge approaches closer to the tube at at least certain locations than does an expanded portion of the metal cap lying back from the free edge, and in that the glass solder at least partially fills the space between the expanded portion and the hollow tube.

Abstract: An especially inexpensive laser tube is formed having a mirror mount composed of a material which is not matched to the coefficient of thermal expansion of the mirror material and in that the material is either soft soldered or glued on with a glue that develops little gas.

Abstract: A gas laser includes a housing tube and a capillary projecting therebeyond and having a Brewster window attached at a free end of the capillary. Laser power is increased without an increase in laser length by providing a mirror which terminates the housing in vacuum-tight fashion and is secured to the housing tube beyond an end of the capillary as an extension of the discharge channel of the capillary.

Abstract: A laser tube having two integrated laser mirrors and a polarization mean in the form of at least one polarizing layer arranged on a laser mirror. The layer is applied or formed at an angle of at least 80 degrees to a surface normal of the mirror. As a result, special polarization elements are eliminated, the structure is simplified, and the laser emission yield is increased.

Abstract: A gas laser having a housing terminated vacuum-tight and having magnets that are located in proximity to a capillary, in which excellent action of the magnets is achieved. The housing contains a housing tube and housing parts that are soldered vacuum-tight to the housing tube. At least one part of the magnets are located in the housing tube. The solder that joins the housing tube to the housing parts in a vacuum-tight fashion has a soldering temperature below 500.degree. C. The invention can be advantageously utilized in helium-neon lasers.

Abstract: A gas laser includes a glass bulb, end-face end pieces of sintered glass, a laser capillary, and mirror mounts fused to one another by glass solder. A method is also disclosed for manufacturing such gas laser, which is particularly suited for lasers of high light yield with high thermal stability.

Abstract: In order to bring about durable solder joints on transparent thin film electrodes which themselves are not solderable, the conductive layer is treated as follows. First, the conductive layer is applied in a vacuum and, more specifically, in the fully oxidized state, and then a solderable layer is generated on the conductive layer in the same vacuum. The electrode consists preferably of an indiumtin oxide and the solder layer consists of copper. The proposed coating technique is particularly simple since the solder layer requires neither an adhesion aid nor a corrosion protection layer. If it consists of copper, it can withstand without difficulty, if it is thick enough, even small thermal stresses such as occur for instance in the fabrication of liquid crystal displays with cementing frame.The layer system is particularly well suited for the electrode leads of electro-optical displays such as liquid crystal displays.

Abstract: A process for producing a gas discharge lamp particularly useful as a flash tube comprising a glass tube, which contains an inert gas with a preformed sintered glass body sealed into each end and containing at least one electrical connector pin of an electrode extending therethrough in a sealed fashion, characterized by providing a glass tube, providing the sintered glass preforms for each end of the glass tube, sealing each of the glass bodies in the respective ends of the glass tube, and filling the glass tube with the desired amount of inert gas prior to completing the formation of all the seals between the glass tube and the glass bodies. The process preferably is accomplished in an apparatus having a chamber which can be evacuated and which can contain a controlled atmosphere at a desired pressure.

Abstract: A flash tube is disclosed having metallic end caps attached either in the shape of a plate or a cup upon ends of a glass or quartz tube. They are attached by adhesive, or are soldered on by soldering glass. One of the end caps internally supports a sintered body as a cathode. Soldering temperatures and a distance of the sintered body from the soldered joint when soldering glass is used are chosen such that no activating metal of the sintered body evaporates, since this reduces the work function of the electrons at the ends of the tube.

Abstract: A gas discharge lamp having a glass tube with preformed sintered glass bodies sealed to each end with each body carrying at least one connector pin for an electrode so that at least one electrode is disposed and supported adjacent each end of the discharge tube. The glass bodies may be sealed in the discharge tube either by glass solder, an organic adhesive or a combination of both.

Abstract: A gas discharge lamp, particularly useful as a flash tube, has a glass tube and electrode feed-through conductors which are connected with the glass tube in gas-tight relationship via glass members and glass solder. The glass members consist of prefabricated shaped parts having a geometry which absorbs thermal stresses between the glass members and the glass tube.

Abstract: A liquid crystal cell having a chamber for receiving a layer of liquid crystal material which chamber is defined by a pair of plate members joined together adjacent their edges by a substantially continuous glass solder seal characterized by the glass solder seal being provided in the form of one or more glass fibers which are interposed between the plates and fused to form the glass solder seal. To facilitate positioning the one or more glass solder fibers, positioning means are provided on one surface of one of the plates and may be protruberances which are formed either by crystallizing glass solder, or by laser bombardment of the one surface. To facilitate the obtaining of the desired spacing between the plates, each of the glass fibers may have a core which may be either hard glass or a metal such as gold which core is surrounded by a lower melting glass so that during fusion of the fiber, the core remains substantially unmelted.

Abstract: An indicator device which has two sealed chambers which are formed by at least one carrier member interposed between a pair of glass plate members to provide a tandem arrangement in the direction of travel of light in the device, characterized by at least one of the chambers containing a liquid crystal layer and being provided with transparent conductive material on the walls thereof to form a liquid crystal cell. In one embodiment, each conductive layer of each cell is separated in two parts by a continuous interruption in the layer so by selectively applying voltage to different parts, at least four different symbols or shapes can be indicated. In a second embodiment, the conductive layers of each cell are arranged as a segment electrode pattern with the segment being subdivided into partial segments with one partial segment being in one cell and the remaining partial segment in the second cell to enable determining errors in actuation of various segments during an indication.

Abstract: An indicator device which has two sealed chambers which are formed by at least one carrier member interposed between a pair of glass plate members to provide a tandem arrangement in the direction of travel of light in the device, characterized by at least one of the chambers containing a liquid crystal layer and being provided with transparent conductive material on the walls thereof to form a liquid crystal cell. In one embodiment one liquid crystal cell is a rotation cell and the other is a DAP cell which cells can be activated to give multi-colored indications. In a second embodiment of the invention, one of the cells is a rotation cell and the other is a polarizing cell which enables giving a colored indication on a colored background or a white indication on a black background. In a third embodiment, both cells are rotational cells with a different angle of rotation and the carrier member consists of a birefringent material which enables indications of at least four different colors.

Abstract: A low capacitance high speed signal storage plate for a signal storage tube with a raster of insulating areas of 1 .mu.m or greater thickness, and process for producing same. The insulating areas may be individual islands on a conductive plate, islands supported by projections extending from the plate, an integral layer supported by such projections, or islands carried on doped portions of a semiconductive plate.

Abstract: A liquid crystal cell for a liquid crystal display screen having a pair of plates joined together by a frame to form a chamber for a liquid crystal layer which is hermetically sealed from the exterior of the cell and has a closable access passage characterized by the access passage receiving a ductile metal plug of a metal which is selected from a group consisting of indium, tin, lead and aluminum and a sealing coating covering the plug and a portion of the exterior of the cell surrounding the passage. In one embodiment, the passage is a groove extending inward from an edge of one of the plates and has a depth which decreases as the distance from the edge increases so that it merges with the interior surface of the plate inward of the frame which may be formed with the recess facing the groove.

Abstract: An electron-optical system with a magnetic focusing and an electromagnetic deflection system of unit design in which a screening means in the form of a coil of magnetic wire or other conventional structure is arranged between the magnetic and electromagnetic units is employed in tubes, in particular high-resolution television camera tubes such as vidicons or the like, having a target for scanning by an electron beam and a fine-mesh field net arranged in front of the target. The focusing coil has an increasing winding density in the direction from the aperture diaphragm toward the target, and the deflection coils are of such short length and arranged either inside or outside of the focusing coil so that, in association with the increasing focusing field strength toward the target due to the use of a deflection field of less than about half the usual extent in the axial direction, the electron beam experiences a rotation of less than 90.degree.