Abstract: A storage device includes at least one nonvolatile memory device including a plurality of memory blocks, the nonvolatile memory device configured to store user data and meta data in the plurality of memory blocks, and a device controller configured to control the nonvolatile memory device, to calculate a user cost corresponding to a time of memory accesses to the user data to be performed at garbage collection with respect to each of the plurality of memory blocks, to calculate a meta cost corresponding to a time of memory accesses to the meta data to be performed at the garbage collection with respect to each of the plurality of memory blocks, to select a victim block among the plurality of memory blocks based on the user cost and the meta cost, and to perform the garbage collection on the victim block.

Abstract: A storage device includes at least one nonvolatile memory device including a plurality of memory blocks, the nonvolatile memory device configured to store user data and meta data in the plurality of memory blocks, and a device controller configured to control the nonvolatile memory device, to calculate a user cost corresponding to a time of memory accesses to the user data to be performed at garbage collection with respect to each of the plurality of memory blocks, to calculate a meta cost corresponding to a time of memory accesses to the meta data to be performed at the garbage collection with respect to each of the plurality of memory blocks, to select a victim block among the plurality of memory blocks based on the user cost and the meta cost, and to perform the garbage collection on the victim block.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a memory system includes a memory device with a first memory and a second memory, and a controller configured to control storing of data in the memory device. The controller is configured to control an (N?1)th piece of meta data to be stored in the second memory when an Nth piece of user data is stored in the first memory or control the Nth piece of the user data to be stored in the second memory when the (N?1)th piece of the meta data is stored in the first memory, where N denotes a natural number equal to or greater than ‘1’. Also, a time period of storing the Nth piece of the user data is controlled to partially or entirely overlap with a time period of storing the (N?1)th piece of the meta data.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a memory system includes a memory device with a first memory and a second memory, and a controller configured to control storing of data in the memory device. The controller is configured to control an (N?1)th piece of meta data to be stored in the second memory when an Nth piece of user data is stored in the first memory or control the Nth piece of the user data to be stored in the second memory when the (N?1)th piece of the meta data is stored in the first memory, where N denotes a natural number equal to or greater than ‘1’. Also, a time period of storing the Nth piece of the user data is controlled to partially or entirely overlap with a time period of storing the (N?1)th piece of the meta data.

Abstract: A method of conducting a hearing test, and a device to perform the method, the method including configuring multiple test sound sets including multiple sound sources at each included audio frequency, wherein the sound sources, when sequentially arranged according to volume, have a uniform volume difference and a same frequency band, the uniform volume difference indicating a volume difference between neighboring sound sources, outputting the sound sources included in one of the multiple test sound sets, and determining and outputting a following test sound set according to a subject's input sound sources' number one or more times, and determining an auditory threshold of the subject regarding the audio frequency of the output test sound sets based on a result of the subject's input.

Abstract: A method of conducting a hearing test, and a device to perform the method, the method including configuring multiple test sound sets including multiple sound sources at each included audio frequency, wherein the sound sources, when sequentially arranged according to volume, have a uniform volume difference and a same frequency band, the uniform volume difference indicating a volume difference between neighboring sound sources, outputting the sound sources included in one of the multiple test sound sets, and determining and outputting a following test sound set according to a subject's input sound sources' number one or more times, and determining an auditory threshold of the subject regarding the audio frequency of the output test sound sets based on a result of the subject's input.