Abstract: An apparatus for controlling a vehicle includes a valve that introduces or blocks a coolant discharged from a coolant pump into latent heat storage, a first temperature sensor that measures a first coolant temperature discharged from the coolant pump, a second temperature sensor that measures a second coolant temperature in the latent heat storage, and a controller that controls opening and closing of the valve based on the first coolant temperature measured by the first temperature sensor and the second coolant temperature measured by the second temperature sensor.

Abstract: An apparatus for controlling a vehicle includes a valve that introduces or blocks a coolant discharged from a coolant pump into latent heat storage, a first temperature sensor that measures a first coolant temperature discharged from the coolant pump, a second temperature sensor that measures a second coolant temperature in the latent heat storage, and a controller that controls opening and closing of the valve based on the first coolant temperature measured by the first temperature sensor and the second coolant temperature measured by the second temperature sensor.

Abstract: A transmission for a vehicle may include a first input shaft selectively connected to an engine through a first clutch, a second hollow input shaft disposed in a front side portion of the first input shaft and selectively connected to the engine through a second clutch, a continuously variable transmission mechanism (CV) that continuously shifts and outputs rotation power transferred from the first input shaft, a shift output mechanism that receives rotation power transferred from driving gears on the second input shaft and the CV through driven gears connected to an external gear and selectively shifts and outputs the rotation power, a reverse idle mechanism that transfers the rotation power of the first input shaft to the shift output mechanism in a reverse direction, and a final reduction mechanism that reduces the rotation power output from the shift output mechanism.

Abstract: A planetary gear train may include an input shaft, an output shaft, first and second planetary gear sets each having three rotation elements, a first rotation shaft directly connected to one rotation element of the second planetary gear set and selectively connected to the input shaft, a second rotation shaft directly connected to one rotation element of the first planetary gear set and another rotation element of the second planetary gear set, and directly connected to the output shaft, a third rotation shaft directly connected to another rotation element of the first planetary gear set and the remaining rotation element of the second planetary gear set, and selectively connected to the input shaft and/or selectively connected to a transmission housing, and a fourth rotation shaft directly connected to the remaining rotation element of the first planetary gear set, and selectively connected to the input shaft through two paths and/or selectively connected to the transmission housing.

Abstract: A transmission for a vehicle may include a first input shaft selectively connected to an engine through a first clutch, a second hollow input shaft disposed in a front side portion of the first input shaft and selectively connected to the engine through a second clutch, a continuously variable transmission mechanism (CV) that continuously shifts and outputs rotation power transferred from the first input shaft, a shift output mechanism that receives rotation power transferred from driving gears on the second input shaft and the CV through driven gears connected to an external gear and selectively shifts and outputs the rotation power, a reverse idle mechanism that transfers the rotation power of the first input shaft to the shift output mechanism in a reverse direction, and a final reduction mechanism that reduces the rotation power output from the shift output mechanism.

Abstract: A planetary gear train may include an input shaft into which power of an engine may be input, a first planetary gear set including a first sun gear, a first planetary carrier, and a first ring gear, a second planetary gear set including a second sun gear, a second planetary carrier, and a second ring gear, a third planetary gear set including a third sun gear, a third planetary carrier, and a third ring gear, and a fourth planetary gear set including a fourth sun gear, a fourth planetary carrier, and a fourth ring gear, and first to eighth rotational shafts.

Abstract: A transmission for a vehicle may include a first input shaft selectively connected to an engine through a first clutch, a second hollow input shaft disposed in a front side portion of the first input shaft and selectively connected to the engine through a second clutch, a continuously variable transmission mechanism (CV) that continuously shifts and outputs rotation power transferred from the first input shaft, a shift output mechanism that receives rotation power transferred from driving gears on the second input shaft and the CV through driven gears connected to an external gear and selectively shifts and outputs the rotation power, a reverse idle mechanism that transfers the rotation power of the first input shaft to the shift output mechanism in a reverse direction, and a final reduction mechanism that reduces the rotation power output from the shift output mechanism.

Abstract: A planetary gear train of an automatic transmission for a vehicle may include an input shaft receiving torque, an output shaft disposed in parallel with and apart from the input shaft, a planetary gear set including a first sun gear, a second sun gear, a common planet, and a common ring gear engaged, a first rotation shaft directly connected to the first sun gear and selectively connected to the input shaft, a second rotation shaft directly connected to the common planet carrier and directly connected to the output shaft, a third rotation shaft directly connected to the common ring gear and selectively connected to the input shaft or to a transmission housing, and a fourth rotation shaft directly connected to the second sun gear and selectively connected to the input shaft through first and second paths or to the transmission housing.

Abstract: A planetary gear train of an automatic transmission for a vehicle may include an input shaft receiving torque, an output shaft disposed in parallel with and apart from the input shaft, a first planetary gear set having at least three rotation elements, a second planetary gear set having at least three rotation elements, a first rotation shaft, a second rotation shaft, a third rotation shaft, and a fourth rotation shaft.

Abstract: A transmission for a vehicle may include a first input shaft selectively connected to an engine through a first clutch, a second hollow input shaft disposed in a front side portion of the first input shaft and selectively connected to the engine through a second clutch, a continuously variable transmission mechanism (CV) that continuously shifts and outputs rotation power transferred from the first input shaft, a shift output mechanism that receives rotation power transferred from driving gears on the second input shaft and the CV through driven gears connected to an external gear and selectively shifts and outputs the rotation power, a reverse idle mechanism that transfers the rotation power of the first input shaft to the shift output mechanism in a reverse direction, and a final reduction mechanism that reduces the rotation power output from the shift output mechanism.

Abstract: A planetary gear train may include an input shaft into which power of an engine may be input, a first planetary gear set including a first sun gear, a first planetary carrier, and a first ring gear, a second planetary gear set including a second sun gear, a second planetary carrier, and a second ring gear, a third planetary gear set including a third sun gear, a third planetary carrier, and a third ring gear, and a fourth planetary gear set including a fourth sun gear, a fourth planetary carrier, and a fourth ring gear, and first to eighth rotational shafts.

Abstract: A planetary gear train of an automatic transmission may include an input shaft, a first planetary gear set including a first sun gear, a first planetary carrier, and a first ring gear, a second planetary gear set including a second sun gear, a second planetary carrier, and a second ring gear, a third planetary gear set including a third sun gear, a third planetary carrier, and a third ring gear, a fourth planetary gear set including a fourth sun gear, a fourth planetary carrier, and a fourth ring gear, a fifth planetary gear set including a fifth sun gear, a fifth planetary carrier, and a fifth ring gear, first to ninth rotational shafts, and six friction elements selectively connecting the rotational shafts and the rotational shaft and the transmission housing.

Abstract: A planetary gear train may include an input shaft, an output shaft, first and second planetary gear sets each having three rotation elements, a first rotation shaft directly connected to one rotation element of the first planetary gear set and one rotation element of the second planetary gear set, and selectively connected to the input shaft, a second rotation shaft directly connected to another rotation element of the second planetary gear set and directly connected to the output shaft, a third rotation shaft directly connected to another rotation element of the first planetary gear set and the remaining rotation element of the second planetary gear set, and selectively connected to the input shaft and/or selectively connected to a transmission housing, and a fourth rotation shaft directly connected to the remaining rotation element of the first planetary gear set, and selectively connected to the input shaft through two paths and/or selectively connected to the transmission housing.

Abstract: A planetary gear train of an automatic transmission for a vehicle may include an input shaft receiving torque, an output shaft disposed in parallel with and apart from the input shaft, a planetary gear set including a first sun gear, a second sun gear, a common planet, and a common ring gear engaged, a first rotation shaft directly connected to the first sun gear and selectively connected to the input shaft, a second rotation shaft directly connected to the common planet carrier and directly connected to the output shaft, a third rotation shaft directly connected to the common ring gear and selectively connected to the input shaft or to a transmission housing, and a fourth rotation shaft directly connected to the second sun gear and selectively connected to the input shaft through first and second paths or to the transmission housing.

Abstract: A planetary gear train may include an input shaft, an output shaft, first and second planetary gear sets each having three rotation elements, a first rotation shaft directly connected to one rotation element of the second planetary gear set and selectively connected to the input shaft, a second rotation shaft directly connected to one rotation element of the first planetary gear set and another rotation element of the second planetary gear set, and directly connected to the output shaft, a third rotation shaft directly connected to another rotation element of the first planetary gear set and the remaining rotation element of the second planetary gear set, and selectively connected to the input shaft and/or selectively connected to a transmission housing, and a fourth rotation shaft directly connected to the remaining rotation element of the first planetary gear set, and selectively connected to the input shaft through two paths and/or selectively connected to the transmission housing.

Abstract: A planetary gear train may include an input shaft, an output shaft, first and second planetary gear sets each having three rotation elements, a first rotation shaft directly connected to one rotation element of the first planetary gear set and one rotation element of the second planetary gear set, and selectively connected to the input shaft, a second rotation shaft directly connected to another rotation element of the second planetary gear set and directly connected to the output shaft, a third rotation shaft directly connected to another rotation element of the first planetary gear set and the remaining rotation element of the second planetary gear set, and selectively connected to the input shaft and/or selectively connected to a transmission housing, and a fourth rotation shaft directly connected to the remaining rotation element of the first planetary gear set, and selectively connected to the input shaft through two paths and/or selectively connected to the transmission housing.

Abstract: A planetary gear train of an automatic transmission for a vehicle may include an input shaft receiving torque, an output shaft disposed in parallel with and apart from the input shaft, a first planetary gear set having at least three rotation elements, a second planetary gear set having at least three rotation elements, a first rotation shaft, a second rotation shaft, a third rotation shaft, and a fourth rotation shaft.

Abstract: A planetary gear train may include an input shaft, an output shaft, a first planetary gear set, a second planetary gear set, a first rotation shaft directly connected to one rotation element of the first planetary gear set and one rotation element of the second planetary gear set, and selectively connected to the input shaft, a second rotation shaft directly connected to another rotation element of the second planetary gear set and directly connected to the output shaft, a third rotation shaft directly connected to another rotation element of the first planetary gear set and the other rotation element of the second planetary gear set, and selectively connected to the input shaft or to a transmission housing, and a fourth rotation shaft directly connected to the other rotation element of the first planetary gear set, and selectively connected to the input shaft through two paths or to the transmission housing.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a method for synthesizing a composite of a conductive macromolecule and a protein component. The method utilizes, as the protein component, a protein composite consisting of protein bonded to a macromolecular anion. The protein composite can serve as a dopant to improve an electrical conductivity of the conductive macromolecule and also to impart multifunctional properties to the conductive macromolecule.