Abstract: A semiconductor device includes, first and second source/drain patterns on an active pattern and spaced apart from each other, a first source/drain contact on the first source/drain pattern and including a first source/drain barrier film and a first source/drain filling film on the first source/drain barrier film, a second source/drain contact on the second source/drain pattern, and a gate structure on the active pattern between the first and second source/drain contacts and including a gate electrode, wherein a top surface of the first source/drain contact is lower than a top surface of the gate structure, and a height from a top surface of the active pattern to a top surface of the first source/drain barrier film is less than a height from the top surface of the active pattern to a top surface of the first source/drain filling film.

Abstract: A capacitor and method of manufacturing the same include an insulating interlayer, a lower electrode, a protection structure, a dielectric layer and an upper electrode. The insulating interlayer may include a conductive pattern formed on a substrate. The lower electrode may be electrically connected to the conductive pattern. The protection structure may be formed on an outer sidewall of the cylindrical lower electrode and on the insulating interlayer.

Abstract: A capacitor and method of manufacturing the same include an insulating interlayer, a lower electrode, a protection structure, a dielectric layer and an upper electrode. The insulating interlayer may include a conductive pattern formed on a substrate. The lower electrode may be electrically connected to the conductive pattern. The protection structure may be formed on an outer sidewall of the cylindrical lower electrode and on the insulating interlayer.

Abstract: A capacitor and method of manufacturing the same include an insulating interlayer, a lower electrode, a protection structure, a dielectric layer and an upper electrode. The insulating interlayer may include a conductive pattern formed on a substrate. The lower electrode may be electrically connected to the conductive pattern. The protection structure may be formed on an outer sidewall of the cylindrical lower electrode and on the insulating interlayer.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a nonvolatile memory device includes forming a plurality of device isolation regions in a semiconductor substrate, forming a tunneling insulation layer on the semiconductor substrate, forming a first preliminary polysilicon layer in communication with the tunneling insulation layer and the device isolation regions, forming a preliminary amorphous silicon layer on the first preliminary silicon layer, forming a second preliminary polysilicon layer on the preliminary amorphous silicon layer, and patterning the second preliminary polysilicon layer, the preliminary amorphous silicon layer, and the first preliminary polysilicon layer to form a floating gate layer.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a nonvolatile memory device includes forming a plurality of device isolation regions in a semiconductor substrate, forming a tunneling insulation layer on the semiconductor substrate, forming a first preliminary polysilicon layer in communication with the tunneling insulation layer and the device isolation regions, forming a preliminary amorphous silicon layer on the first preliminary silicon layer, forming a second preliminary polysilicon layer on the preliminary amorphous silicon layer, and patterning the second preliminary polysilicon layer, the preliminary amorphous silicon layer, and the first preliminary polysilicon layer to form a floating gate layer.

Abstract: A capacitor of a semiconductor device includes a cylinder type capacitor lower electrode, a dielectric layer, and an upper electrode. The upper electrode includes a metallic layer on the dielectric layer and a doped polySi1-xGex layer stacked on the metallic layer. Methods of forming these capacitors also are provided.

Abstract: In a method of forming an oxide layer, ozone is generated by reacting an oxygen gas having a first flow rate with a nitrogen gas having a second flow rate of more than about 1% of the first flow rate. A reactant including the ozone and nitrogen is provided onto a silicon substrate. A surface of the silicon substrate is oxidized via the reaction of the reactant with silicon in the silicon substrate. The flow rate of the nitrogen gas is increased while ozone serving as an oxidant is formed by reacting the nitrogen gas with the oxygen gas. Thus, the oxide layer or a metal oxide layer including nitrogen may be rapidly formed on the substrate.

Abstract: A capacitor and method of manufacturing the same include an insulating interlayer, a lower electrode, a protection structure, a dielectric layer and an upper electrode. The insulating interlayer may include a conductive pattern formed on a substrate. The lower electrode may be electrically connected to the conductive pattern. The protection structure may be formed on an outer sidewall of the cylindrical lower electrode and on the insulating interlayer.

Abstract: A method of cleaning a reaction chamber is provided. In the method, a wafer is removed from the reaction chamber, and a nitrogen triflouride (NF3) gas or NF3 plasma is implanted into the reaction chamber. The NF3 gas or NF3 plasma reacts with a phosphorous polymer located in the reaction chamber, and the phosphorus polymer is removed from the reaction chamber.

Abstract: A capacitor of a semiconductor device includes a cylinder type capacitor lower electrode, a dielectric layer, and an upper electrode. The upper electrode includes a metallic layer on the dielectric layer and a doped polySi1-xGex layer stacked on the metallic layer. Methods of forming these capacitors also are provided.

Abstract: In a method of forming an oxide layer, ozone is generated by reacting an oxygen gas having a first flow rate with a nitrogen gas having a second flow rate of more than about 1% of the first flow rate. A reactant including the ozone and nitrogen is provided onto a silicon substrate. A surface of the silicon substrate is oxidized via the reaction of the reactant with silicon in the silicon substrate. The flow rate of the nitrogen gas is increased while ozone serving as an oxidant is formed by reacting the nitrogen gas with the oxygen gas. Thus, the oxide layer or a metal oxide layer including nitrogen may be rapidly formed on the substrate.