Abstract: A method of detecting stress of an integrated circuit including first and second patterns formed from different materials may comprise: determining one or more stress detection points of the first pattern; dividing a region including a first stress detection point of the one or more stress detection points into a plurality of divided regions; calculating areas of the second pattern at the divided regions; and/or detecting a stress level applied to the first stress detection point of the first pattern by the second pattern based on the areas of the second pattern at the divided regions.

Abstract: A DNA chip for diagnosis of genitourinary infection, and in particular, a DNA chip for diagnosis of genitourinary infection on which oligonucleotide probes for detecting fourteen genitourinary infection pathogens are immobilized is provided. The DNA chip for diagnosis of genitourinary infections may accurately and rapidly analyze infections of fourteen genitourinary infections including multiple infections in various samples with high sensitivity, high specificity, and high reproducibility. Accordingly, the DNA chip may be used for diagnosis and treatment of genitourinary infections in primary health care institutions.

Abstract: A method of performing collective communication in a collective communication system includes processing nodes, including: determining whether a command message, regarding one function among a broadcast function, a scatter function, and a gather function, is generated by a processor; determining a transmission order between the processing nodes by giving transmission priorities to processing nodes that do not communicate, based on a status of each of the processing nodes if it is determined that the command message regarding the one function among the broadcast function, the scatter function, and the gather function, is generated by the processor; and performing communication with respect to the command message based on the determined transmission order.

Abstract: A method of detecting stress of an integrated circuit including first and second patterns formed from different materials may comprise: determining one or more stress detection points of the first pattern; dividing a region including a first stress detection point of the one or more stress detection points into a plurality of divided regions; calculating areas of the second pattern at the divided regions; and/or detecting a stress level applied to the first stress detection point of the first pattern by the second pattern based on the areas of the second pattern at the divided regions.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a cooling apparatus with a passage therein to introduce the cool air from a cooling space into a non-freezing apparatus to cool a lower space of the non-freezing apparatus. A cooling apparatus includes a cooling space supplied with the cool air, a non-freezing apparatus installed in the cooling space and storing food in a non-frozen state, a cooling passage for introducing the cool air from the cooling space into the non-freezing apparatus, and a discharge passage for discharging the flow from the non-freezing apparatus to the cooling space.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a supercooling system and a method for displaying a supercooled state which can accurately display a supercooled state of a stored object in spite of the external influence.

Abstract: A DNA chip for diagnosis of genitourinary infection, and in particular, a DNA chip for diagnosis of genitourinary infection on which oligonucleotide probes for detecting fourteen genitourinary infection pathogens are immobilized is provided. The DNA chip for diagnosis of genitourinary infections may accurately and rapidly analyze infections of fourteen genitourinary infections including multiple infections in various samples with high sensitivity, high specificity, and high reproducibility. Accordingly, the DNA chip may be used for diagnosis and treatment of genitourinary infections in primary health care institutions.

Abstract: A method of performing collective communication in a collective communication system includes processing nodes, including: determining whether a command message, regarding one function among a broadcast function, a scatter function, and a gather function, is generated by a processor; determining a transmission order between the processing nodes by giving transmission priorities to processing nodes that do not communicate, based on a status of each of the processing nodes if it is determined that the command message regarding the one function among the broadcast function, the scatter function, and the gather function, is generated by the processor; and performing communication with respect to the command message based on the determined transmission order.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a supercooling method and a supercooling apparatus which can maintain an object in a supercooled state. According to the present invention, a supercooling method includes a first cooling step of cooling a stored object toward a cooling temperature below a phase transition temperature thereof, a step of judging whether the stored object is released from a supercooled state in the first cooling step, a step of thawing the stored object when the stored object is released from the supercooled state, and a second cooling step of cooling the stored object toward a cooling temperature below zero that is higher than the lowest temperature of the stored object before the release of the supercooled state, wherein the first cooling step is continuously performed when the object is maintained in the supercooled state.

Abstract: The present invention discloses an apparatus for supercooling which can stably maintain a liquid in a supercooled state at below a phase transition temperature. The apparatus for supercooling, which can maintain a supercooled state of a liquid or contents even below a phase transition temperature, comprises: a storage space for storing a container accommodating a liquid or contents containing the liquid; a cooling means for cooling the liquid or contents or the storage space below the phase transition temperature of the liquid or the contents; and a temperature maintaining unit for applying energy to the surface of the liquid or contents or to a gas near the surface, wherein the liquid or the contents are maintained in a supercooled state by preventing freezing nuclei from being formed on the surface of the liquid or contents or in the gas near the surface by application of energy.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a supercooling recognition method and a supercooling apparatus which can rapidly and precisely judge whether a stored object is maintained in a supercooled state on the basis of a temperature thereof. A supercooling recognition method according to the present invention includes the steps of: cooling a stored object to below a temperature of a maximum ice crystal formation zone thereof; and judging whether the stored object is maintained in a supercooled state on the basis of a temperature thereof during the cooling step.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a cooling apparatus including a non-freezing apparatus which can be installed in a refrigerating chamber or a refrigerating chamber door and stably store food in a non-frozen state. A cooling apparatus includes a freezing chamber, a refrigerating chamber, a freezing chamber door, a refrigerating chamber door, and a non-freezing apparatus installed in the refrigerating chamber or the refrigerating chamber door and storing food in a non-frozen state. In the non-freezing apparatus, since a lower space is cooled by the cool air introduced from the freezing chamber and an upper space is cooled by the atmosphere of the refrigerating chamber, it is possible to reduce a heating value of a heater which is operated to maintain the temperature of the upper space to be higher than that of the lower space.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a cooling apparatus including a non-freezing apparatus which can stably store a liquid in a container in a supercooled state by maintaining an upper space receiving an upper portion of the container at a higher temperature than a lower space receiving a lower portion of the container. A cooling apparatus includes a cooling space, a door opening and closing the cooling space, and a non-freezing apparatus installed in the cooling space or the door, an upper space thereof being maintained in a higher temperature region than a lower space thereof. The non-freezing apparatus of the cooling apparatus includes a separation film formed between the upper space of a high temperature and the lower space of a low temperature and limiting the heat exchange between the upper space and the lower space, thereby stably maintaining the liquid in the supercooled state.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a cooling apparatus with a passage therein to introduce the cool air from a cooling space into a non-freezing apparatus to cool a lower space of the non-freezing apparatus. A cooling apparatus includes a cooling space supplied with the cool air, a non-freezing apparatus installed in the cooling space and storing food in a non-frozen state, a cooling passage for introducing the cool air from the cooling space into the non-freezing apparatus, and a discharge passage for discharging the flow from the non-freezing apparatus to the cooling space.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a supercooling system and a method for displaying a supercooled state which can accurately display a supercooled state of a stored object in spite of the external influence.

Abstract: In a method of forming a phase-change memory device, a variable resistance member may be formed on a s semiconductor substrate having a contact region, and a first electrode may be formed to contact a first portion of the variable resistance member and to be electrically connected to the contact region. A second electrode may be formed so as to contact a second portion of the variable resistance member.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a supercooling recognition method and a supercooling apparatus which can rapidly and precisely judge whether a stored object is maintained in a supercooled state on the basis of a temperature thereof. A supercooling recognition method according to the present invention includes the steps of: cooling a stored object to below a temperature of a maximum ice crystal formation zone thereof; and judging whether the stored object is maintained in a supercooled state on the basis of a temperature thereof during the cooling step.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a supercooling apparatus which maintains an object and liquid in a supercooled state. According to the present invention, a supercooling apparatus includes a cooling chamber supplied with cool air, and a heating device (100) for preventing freezing of water by heating air over a container (200) storing an object or liquid and cooled in the cooling chamber. In this configuration, the air over the container (200) where ice crystals are easily formed is heated to prevent freezing of water stored in the container (200) and store water in a supercooled state.

Abstract: The present invention discloses an apparatus for supercooling which can stably maintain a liquid in a supercooled state at below a phase transition temperature. The apparatus for supercooling, which can maintain a supercooled state of a liquid or contents even below a phase transition temperature, comprises: a storage space for storing a container accommodating a liquid or contents containing the liquid; a cooling means for cooling the liquid or contents or the storage space below the phase transition temperature of the liquid or the contents; and a temperature maintaining unit for applying energy to the surface of the liquid or contents or to a gas near the surface, wherein the liquid or the contents are maintained in a supercooled state by preventing freezing nuclei from being formed on the surface of the liquid or contents or in the gas near the surface by application of energy.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a supercooling method and a supercooling apparatus which can maintain an object in a supercooled state. According to the present invention, a supercooling method includes a first cooling step of cooling a stored object toward a cooling temperature below a phase transition temperature thereof, a step of judging whether the stored object is released from a supercooled state in the first cooling step, a step of thawing the stored object when the stored object is released from the supercooled state, and a second cooling step of cooling the stored object toward a cooling temperature below zero that is higher than the lowest temperature of the stored object before the release of the supercooled state, wherein the first cooling step is continuously performed when the object is maintained in the supercooled state.