Abstract: Embodiments of the invention relate to a novel class of polymers with superior mechanical properties and chemical stability, as compared to known polymers. These polymers are particularly well suited for use in anion exchange membranes (AEMs), including those employed in fuel cells. Novel methods for the manufacture of these polymers are also described.

Abstract: A method for preparing trichlorosilane according to an embodiment of the present invention comprises the steps of: supplying surface-modified metal silicide and metal grade silicon to a reaction unit; supplying silicon tetrachloride and hydrogen to the reaction unit; and supplying a product, which is generated by a reaction of metal grade silicon, silicon tetrachloride, and hydrogen in the presence of metal silicide in the reaction unit, to a separation unit, and separating a trichlorosilane component. In cases where a silicon tetrachloride hydrochlorination reaction is performed using the method for preparing trichlorosilane according to the embodiment of the present invention, the yield of trichlorosilane can be raised.

Abstract: Monomers and polymers are provided that comprise a carbon alicyclic group or heteroalicyclic group that comprises 1) one or more acid-labile ring substituents and 2) one or more ether or thioether ring substituents. Photoresists that comprise such polymers also are provided.

Abstract: In one preferred embodiment, polymers are provided that comprise a structure of the following Formula (I): Photoresists that comprises such polymers also are provided.

Abstract: Embodiments of the invention relate to a novel class of polymers with superior mechanical properties and chemical stability, as compared to known polymers. These polymers are particularly well suited for use in anion exchange membranes (AEMs), including those employed in fuel cells. Novel methods for the manufacture of these polymers are also described.

Abstract: A method for preparing trichlorosilane according to an embodiment of the present invention comprises the steps of: supplying surface-modified metal silicide and metal grade silicon to a reaction unit; supplying silicon tetrachloride and hydrogen to the reaction unit; and supplying a product, which is generated by a reaction of metal grade silicon, silicon tetrachloride, and hydrogen in the presence of metal silicide in the reaction unit, to a separation unit, and separating a trichlorosilane component. In cases where a silicon tetrachloride hydrochlorination reaction is performed using the method for preparing trichlorosilane according to the embodiment of the present invention, the yield of trichlorosilane can be raised.

Abstract: A constant envelope quadrature amplitude modulation system is provided for solving the bandwidth efficiency problem resulting from a lack of frequency resources by implementing the constant envelope characteristic for a non-linear communication system, based on a 16-QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) system. The system limits the data, which will be modulated and transmitted, to 3-bit data and adds a parity bit to make the data have a constant envelope within the 16-QAM system, which modulates data to be transmitted in the unit of 4-bit. The data value of the parity bit is selected to satisfy the condition of a constant envelope in accordance with the QAM signals.

Abstract: A constant envelope quadrature-quadrature amplitude modulation system limits the data, which will be transmitted, to 4-bit and adds 4-bit parity to make them have a constant envelope in the Q.sup.2 AM system, which modulates 8-bit in units of 2-bit. The system includes: a constant envelope encoder 52 for adding 4-bit parity to 4-bit input information; four mappers 12 to 15 for respectively generating level signals corresponding to data values of 2-bit among 8-bit data generated by the constant envelope encoder 52; four mixers 16 to 19 for respectively mixing the level signals generated by the four mappers 12 to 15 with different predetermined frequency signals; and adder 20 for adding up the signals generated by the four mixers 16 to 19.