Abstract: A memory device is provided. The memory device comprises an internal clock generator configured to receive an external clock signal from a host and generate an internal clock signal in accordance with a chip enable signal, an internal enable signal generator configured to operate based on the internal clock signal and receive an external enable signal from the host and generate an internal enable signal, and a monitoring signal generator configured to output a monitoring signal that is generated based on at least one of the internal clock signal or the internal enable signal to the host.

Abstract: A strain sensor may have a conductive elastic yarn including a first fiber having a predetermined length and a shape of a fiber yarn and a second fiber having electrical conductivity and a sheet shape. The strain sensor may have a pair of wiring members electrically connected to both ends of the conductive elastic yarn. The conductive elastic yarn, with the second fiber wrapped around the first fiber, is twisted in a coil shape.

Abstract: A spectrometer includes: a dispersive element configured to split light; a detector comprising a plurality of pixels configured to receive the split light; an optical mask disposed in an optical path of the light between the dispersive element and the detector and comprising a plurality of light transmitting portions and a plurality of light blocking portions which are arranged alternately; and a driver configured to control a position of the optical mask or a position of the detector, and change a light incident area of each of the plurality of pixels to receive the light incident on the plurality of light transmitting portions of the optical mask.

Abstract: An apparatus is provided. The apparatus includes a memory, a second type spectrum measurer, and a processor. The memory stores an individualized blood sugar estimation model. The second type spectrum measurer measures second type spectrum data for a skin of a user. The processor calculates blood sugar of the user based on the measured second type spectrum data and the individualized blood sugar model. The blood sugar model is generated based on blood sugar profile data of the user calculated based on a first type spectrum-blood sugar profile relationship model and training second type spectrum data for the skin of the user.

Abstract: A spectrometer includes: a dispersive element configured to split light; a detector comprising a plurality of pixels configured to receive the split light; an optical mask disposed in an optical path of the light between the dispersive element and the detector and comprising a plurality of light transmitting portions and a plurality of light blocking portions which are arranged alternately; and a driver configured to control a position of the optical mask or a position of the detector, and change a light incident area of each of the plurality of pixels to receive the light incident on the plurality of light transmitting portions of the optical mask.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for estimating bio-information are provided. The apparatus for estimating bio-information includes: a spectrometer configured to measure a spectrum from an object according to measurement conditions; and a processor configured to obtain signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) values for each wavelength of the spectrum measured by the spectrometer, generate a plurality of simulated absorbance spectra based on the SNR values for each wavelength of the spectrum, and determine an optimal wavelength combination for use in measuring the bio-information based on the plurality of simulated absorbance spectra.

Abstract: A apparatus for estimating concentration may include: a spectrum obtainer configured to obtain Raman spectra of an object; and a processor configured to extract, from the Raman spectra, at least one analyte spectrum related to an analyte and at least one non-analyte spectrum related to a biological component other than the analyte, and estimate concentration of the analyte based on a first area under a curve of the at least one analyte spectrum and a second area under a curve of the at least one non-analyte spectrum.

Abstract: An apparatus for measuring a Raman spectrum may include a processor configured to adjust a Raman probe parameter, set a Raman probe with the Raman probe parameter, obtain a first Raman spectrum of the sample at a first time point and a second Raman spectrum of the sample at a second time point, obtain a difference spectrum between the first Raman spectrum and the second Raman spectrum, determine a degree of similarity between the difference spectrum and an analyte Raman spectrum, determine an optimal Raman probe parameter based on the degree of similarity, and obtain a Raman spectrum of the sample for measuring bio-information by setting the Raman probe with the optimal Raman probe parameter.

Abstract: Provided is an apparatus for measuring particulate matter, the apparatus including an air inflow device configured to receive air including particulate matter particles, two or more light sources configured to respectively emit light of different wavelengths to the air received, a pattern measuring device configured to measure scattering patterns for each wavelength of light based on detecting light that is forward-scattered by the particulate matter particles and light that is back-scattered by the particulate matter particles, and a processor configured to obtain a size of the particulate matter particles and a concentration of the particulate matter particles based on the scattering patterns for each wavelength of light.

Abstract: Provided is an apparatus for measuring particulate matter including an image obtaining device configured to charge particulate matter particles included in air that is introduced to the image obtaining device, and to obtain an image of the charged particulate matter particles based on lens-free imaging, a spectrum obtaining device configured to obtain a Raman spectrum of the charged particulate matter particles, and a processor configured to determine a size of the particulate matter particles and a concentration of the particulate matter particles based on the obtained image, and to determine components of the particulate matter particles based on the obtained Raman spectrum.

Abstract: An apparatus is provided. The apparatus includes a memory, a second type spectrum measurer, and a processor. The memory stores an individualized blood sugar estimation model. The second type spectrum measurer measures second type spectrum data for a skin of a user. The processor calculates blood sugar of the user based on the measured second type spectrum data and the individualized blood sugar model. The blood sugar model is generated based on blood sugar profile data of the user calculated based on a first type spectrum-blood sugar profile relationship model and training second type spectrum data for the skin of the user.

Abstract: An apparatus and a method for determining blood sugar based on heterogeneous spectrums are provided. The blood sugar model generation apparatus includes a data obtainer configured to obtain blood sugar profile data of a user based on a first type spectrum-blood sugar profile relationship model, a second type spectrum measurer configured to measure training second type spectrum data for the skin of the user, and a processor configured to generate an individualized blood sugar model based on the obtained blood sugar profile data and the measured training second type spectrum data.

Abstract: Provided is an apparatus for measuring particulate matter including an image obtaining device configured to charge particulate matter particles included in air that is introduced to the image obtaining device, and to obtain an image of the charged particulate matter particles based on lens-free imaging, a spectrum obtaining device configured to obtain a Raman spectrum of the charged particulate matter particles, and a processor configured to determine a size of the particulate matter particles and a concentration of the particulate matter particles based on the obtained image, and to determine components of the particulate matter particles based on the obtained Raman spectrum.

Abstract: Provided is an apparatus for measuring particulate matter, the apparatus including an air inflow device configured to receive air including particulate matter particles, two or more light sources configured to respectively emit light of different wavelengths to the air received, a pattern measuring device configured to measure scattering patterns for each wavelength of light based on detecting light that is forward-scattered by the particulate matter particles and light that is back-scattered by the particulate matter particles, and a processor configured to obtain a size of the particulate matter particles and a concentration of the particulate matter particles based on the scattering patterns for each wavelength of light.

Abstract: An apparatus for measuring a Raman spectrum may include a processor configured to adjust a Raman probe parameter, set a Raman probe with the Raman probe parameter, obtain a first Raman spectrum of the sample at a first time point and a second Raman spectrum of the sample at a second time point, obtain a difference spectrum between the first Raman spectrum and the second Raman spectrum, determine a degree of similarity between the difference spectrum and an analyte Raman spectrum, determine an optimal Raman probe parameter based on the degree of similarity, and obtain a Raman spectrum of the sample for measuring bio-information by setting the Raman probe with the optimal Raman probe parameter.

Abstract: A Raman probe provided includes a light source part configured to emit light on a sample, and further configured to adjust at least one of an incident angle of the light, a position of an emission point of the light, and a focal point of the light source part, a light collector configured to collect Raman scattered light from the sample, and further configured to adjust a field of view of Raman measurement and a focal point of the light collector, and a photodetector configured to receive the collected Raman scattered light, wherein the light source part comprises a reflection mirror configured to rotate to adjust the position of the emission point of the light.

Abstract: An optical measuring device including a light source, a light beam path adjuster, a light detector and a controller is provided. The light source may emit light toward an object in a predetermined progress direction. The light beam path adjuster may be disposed between the light source and the object and may change a progress path of the light emitted from the light source. The light detector may receive the light that is reflected from the object after passing through the light beam path adjuster. The controller may compare a first effective beam path length of the reflected light that the light detector receives with a predetermined target beam path length and control a refractive angle of the light beam path adjuster based on a beam path length difference between the first effective beam path length and the predetermined target beam path length.

Abstract: A spectrometer is provided. The spectrometer may include an image sensor including a pixel array; and a photonics layer disposed on the pixel array and including a plurality of resonators and a plurality of couplers evanescently coupled to the plurality of resonators.

Abstract: A apparatus for estimating concentration may include: a spectrum obtainer configured to obtain Raman spectra of an object; and a processor configured to extract, from the Raman spectra, at least one analyte spectrum related to an analyte and at least one non-analyte spectrum related to a biological component other than the analyte, and estimate concentration of the analyte based on a first area under a curve of the at least one analyte spectrum and a second area under a curve of the at least one non-analyte spectrum.

Abstract: A Raman probe provided includes a light source part configured to emit light on a sample, and further configured to adjust at least one of an incident angle of the light, a position of an emission point of the light, and a focal point of the light source part, a light collector configured to collect Raman scattered light from the sample, and further configured to adjust a field of view of Raman measurement and a focal point of the light collector, and a photodetector configured to receive the collected Raman scattered light, wherein the light source part comprises a reflection mirror configured to rotate to adjust the position of the emission point of the light.