Abstract: A display device that includes a substrate, a display element disposed on the substrate and having a pixel electrode, an emission layer, and an opposite electrode, an inorganic functional layer disposed on the opposite electrode and including a first element, and a thin-film encapsulation layer disposed on the inorganic functional layer, wherein the inorganic functional layer includes a first film and a second film disposed on the first film. In each of the first film and the second film, a stoichiometric ratio of the first element decreases as distance from the substrate increases. The first element may be one of silicon (Si), titanium (Ti), aluminum (Al), hafnium (Hf), indium (In), tin (Sn), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), tantalum (Ta), zinc (Zn), and a combination thereof.

Abstract: A resistor including a device isolation layer is described that includes a first active region and a second active region, a buried insulating layer, and an N well region. The N well region surrounds the first active region, the second active region, the device isolation layer and the buried insulating layer. A first doped region and a second doped region are disposed on the first active region and the second active region. The first doped region and the second doped region are in contact with the N well region and include n type impurities.

Abstract: According to one embodiment of the present invention, in a concealed jamming attack using a false acknowledgement frame, a jamming attack is performed at a point in time during which a data frame is transmitted between a transmission node and a reception node and a false acknowledgement frame is transmitted to the data frame transmission node, such that the data frame transmission node cannot detect a data transmission failure in a MAC layer because of the jamming attack, and thus a jamming attack can be concealed.

Abstract: According to one embodiment of the present invention, in a concealed jamming attack using a false acknowledgement frame, a jamming attack is performed at a point in time during which a data frame is transmitted between a transmission node and a reception node and a false acknowledgement frame is transmitted to the data frame transmission node, such that the data frame transmission node cannot detect a data transmission failure in a MAC layer because of the jamming attack, and thus a jamming attack can be concealed.

Abstract: An energy storage device and method for decreasing a rush current to protect battery cells and battery management systems (BMSs) from a rush current by sequentially coupling battery packs to each other in parallel to a grid. To this end, the BMS measures voltages of at least three battery packs and then sequentially in parallel couples battery packs in order from a smallest to a largest voltage to thereby reduce the rush current.

Abstract: An energy storage device and method for decreasing a rush current to protect battery cells and battery management systems (BMSs) from a rush current by sequentially coupling battery packs to each other in parallel to a grid. To this end, the BMS measures voltages of at least three battery packs and then sequentially in parallel couples battery packs in order from a smallest to a largest voltage to thereby reduce the rush current.