Abstract: The hybrid battery system includes a primary battery pack, a secondary battery pack, a battery control unit, a battery pack positive terminal, and a battery pack negative terminal. The battery control unit includes a management module and a variable resistor. The primary battery pack supplies power at lower temperatures, while the secondary battery pack supplies power at higher temperatures. The primary battery pack is unsafe at higher temperatures, and the primary cells within the primary battery pack are modified to mitigate the dangers that previously rendered the primary battery pack unusable in a hybrid battery pack at higher temperatures. The invention includes the method of safely operating the hybrid battery system with the modified primary battery cells of the primary battery pack.

Abstract: The hybrid battery system includes a primary battery pack, a secondary battery pack, a battery control unit, a battery pack positive terminal, and a battery pack negative terminal. The battery control unit includes a management module and a variable resistor. The primary battery pack supplies power at lower temperatures, while the secondary battery pack supplies power at higher temperatures. The primary battery pack is unsafe at higher temperatures, and the primary cells within the primary battery pack are modified to mitigate the dangers that previously rendered the primary battery pack unusable in a hybrid battery pack at higher temperatures. The invention includes the method of safely operating the hybrid battery system with the modified primary battery cells of the primary battery pack.

Abstract: The hybrid battery system includes a primary battery pack, a secondary battery pack, a battery control unit, a battery pack positive terminal, and a battery pack negative terminal. The battery control unit includes a management module and a variable resistor. The primary battery pack supplies power at lower temperatures, while the secondary battery pack supplies power at higher temperatures. The primary battery pack is unsafe at higher temperatures, and the primary cells within the primary battery pack are modified to mitigate the dangers that previously rendered the primary battery pack unusable in a hybrid battery pack at higher temperatures. The invention includes the method of safely operating the hybrid battery system with the modified primary battery cells of the primary battery pack.

Abstract: The hybrid battery system has multiple discharge voltage plateaus and a greater charge capacity of metal in the negative electrode, while still having sufficient energy density and sufficient power capability to supply external devices. The charge capacity of the negative side is higher than the charge capacity of the positive side. There are two solvent compositions in the cathodic solution, and there is a transition from a first discharge voltage plateau to a second discharge voltage plateau at a voltage less than the first discharge voltage plateau. The battery system is safe, and the transition between discharge voltage plateaus provides an estimation of battery capacity that can indicate when the battery system is running out of power.

Abstract: A cathode material formed of a plurality of lithium inclusive particles. The particles have a core surrounded by a shell. The shell is characterized by a plurality of pores. Exemplary materials of which the particles are formed include NMC. The cathode material is suitable for use in a lithium-ion battery which has application in apparatus such as automotive vehicles.

Abstract: An electrolyte system is provided for a rechargeable electrode zinc-halogen flow battery that utilizes a highly similar or identical electrolyte positioned on both sides of an ion-conducting membrane. The electrolyte system containing zinc salts, electrolyte conductivity enhancer, and an appropriate amount of bromine complexing agent achieves significant improvements on battery energy efficiency, self-discharge rate, and electrolyte level cycle stability over the prior art electrolyte systems.

Abstract: A cathode material formed of a plurality of lithium inclusive particles. The particles have a core surrounded by a shell. The shell is characterized by a plurality of pores. Exemplary materials of which the particles are formed include NMC. The cathode material is suitable for use in a lithium-ion battery which has application in apparatus such as automotive vehicles.