Abstract: Disclosed is a method and system for guiding users to use an applicator such as applicators for facial skin, the method and the system including: a step/unit of displaying an application surface and a graphic to point out the target area, to a user in real-time; a step/unit of detecting the location of an applicator, to confirm alignment of the applicator to the target area; a step/unit of detecting the action of the applicator on the target area; and a step/unit of notifying a progress and/or a completion of the applicator action, for example, by the color change of the graphic to point out the target area. The method and system improve user's compliance with use instruction, and/or efficacy of the applicator.

Abstract: A method for forming direct metal-metal bond between metallic surfaces is disclosed. The method comprises depositing a first nanostructured organic coating (118) on a first metallic surface (116) to form a first passivation layer thereon, the first nanostructured organic coating (118) comprising an organic phase with nanoparticles dispersed within the organic phase, contacting the first nanostructured organic coating (118) with a second metallic surface (126), and applying on the first and second metallic surfaces (116, 126) at least a bonding temperature of at least room temperature and/or a bonding pressure for a bonding period to bond the first and second metallic surfaces (116, 126) thereby forming the direct metal-metal bond therebetween. A second nanostructured organic coating (128) comprising an organic phase with nanoparticles dispersed within the organic phase may also be deposited on the second metallic surface (126).