Abstract: The present invention discloses a non-interferometric, non-iterative complex amplitude reading method and apparatus. The reading method includes the following steps: diffracting a light beam containing amplitude information and phase information to obtain a diffraction pattern with intensity variations; constructing a diffraction intensity-complex amplitude model and training it based on the correlation between the diffraction pattern and amplitude information and phase information, and applying the trained model directly to new diffraction images to obtain amplitude information and phase information. The method can achieve detection of complex amplitude information, including amplitude and phase, from a single diffraction image, improve the stability and accuracy of phase reading results, increase the calculation speed, and simplify the optical system. It is suitable for applications in holographic storage, biomedical image processing, and microscopic imaging, among others.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are embodiments of an electrolyte that is stable and efficient at high voltages. The electrolyte can be used in combination with certain cathodes that exhibit poor activity at such high voltages with other types of electrolytes and can further be used in combination with a variety of anodes. In some embodiments, the electrolyte can be used in battery systems comprising a lithium cobalt oxide cathode and lithium metal anodes, silicon anodes, silicon/graphite composite anodes, graphite anodes, and the like.

Abstract: Low flammability and nonflammable localized superconcentrated electrolytes (LSEs) for stable operation of lithium and sodium ion batteries are disclosed. Electrochemical devices including the low flammability and nonflammable LSEs are also disclosed. The low flammability and nonflammable LSEs include an active salt, a solvent comprising a flame retardant compound, wherein the active salt is soluble in the solvent, and a diluent in which the active salt is insoluble or poorly soluble. The LSE may further include a cosolvent, such as a carbonate, a sulfone, a sulfite, a sulfate, a carboxylate, an ether, a nitrogen-containing solvent, or any combination thereof. In certain embodiments, such as when the solvent and diluent are immiscible, the LSE further includes a bridge solvent.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are embodiments of an electrolyte that is stable and efficient at high voltages. The electrolyte can be used in combination with certain cathodes that exhibit poor activity at such high voltages with other types of electrolytes and can further be used in combination with a variety of anodes. In some embodiments, the electrolyte can be used in battery systems comprising a lithium cobalt oxide cathode and lithium metal anodes, silicon anodes, silicon/graphite composite anodes, graphite anodes, and the like.

Abstract: Low flammability and nonflammable localized superconcentrated electrolytes (LSEs) for stable operation of lithium and sodium ion batteries are disclosed. Electrochemical devices including the low flammability and nonflammable LSEs are also disclosed. The low flammability and nonflammable LSEs include an active salt, a solvent comprising a flame retardant compound, wherein the active salt is soluble in the solvent, and a diluent in which the active salt is insoluble or poorly soluble. The LSE may further include a cosolvent, such as a carbonate, a sulfone, a sulfite, a sulfate, a carboxylate, an ether, a nitrogen-containing solvent, or any combination thereof. In certain embodiments, such as when the solvent and diluent are immiscible, the LSE further includes a bridge solvent.

Abstract: Potassium-oxygen (K—O2) batteries based on potassium superoxide (KO2) are provided. The K—O2 batteries can exhibit high specific energy a low discharge/charge potential gap (e.g., a discharge/charge potential gap of less than 50 mV at a current density of 0.16 mA/cm2) without the use of any catalysts. The discharge product of the K—O2 batteries is K—O2, which is both kinetically stable and thermodynamically stable. As a consequence of the stability of the discharge product, the K—O2 batteries can exhibit improved operational stability relative to other metal-air batteries.