Abstract: Described herein are methods, air cathodes or electrochemical cell systems configured to reduce or alleviate leakage of electrolyte within air cathodes. A method for electrolyte leakage management in an electrochemical cell system includes: configuring a plurality of air cathodes within an electrochemical cell system, each of the plurality of air cathodes comprising a frame, a membrane oxygen electrode attached to the frame to define a sealed interior cavity, an air inlet communicative with the interior cavity, a liquid outlet communicative with the interior cavity; positioning the liquid outlet lower than the air inlet; and draining electrolyte leakage from the interior cavity through the liquid outlet.

Abstract: Described herein are methods, air cathodes or electrochemical cell systems configured to reduce or alleviate leakage of electrolyte within air cathodes. A method for electrolyte leakage management in an electrochemical cell system includes: configuring a plurality of air cathodes within an electrochemical cell system, each of the plurality of air cathodes comprising a frame, a membrane oxygen electrode attached to the frame to define a sealed interior cavity, an air inlet communicative with the interior cavity, a liquid outlet communicative with the interior cavity; positioning the liquid outlet lower than the air inlet; and draining electrolyte leakage from the interior cavity through the liquid outlet.

Abstract: Described herein are methods, air cathodes or electrochemical cell systems configured to reduce or alleviate leakage of electrolyte within air cathodes. A method for electrolyte leakage management in an electrochemical cell system includes: configuring a plurality of air cathodes within an electrochemical cell system, each of the plurality of air cathodes comprising a frame, a membrane oxygen electrode attached to the frame to define a sealed interior cavity, an air inlet communicative with the interior cavity, a liquid outlet communicative with the interior cavity; positioning the liquid outlet lower than the air inlet; and draining electrolyte leakage from the interior cavity through the liquid outlet.

Abstract: An electrochemical cell system, including: a housing; an electrolyte disposed in the housing; a plurality of discharging cathodes immersed in the electrolyte and a plurality of first spaces between the discharging cathodes, a metallic material, when placed in the first spaces, forms a plurality of discharging anodes; an electrochemical system, including: a housing, an electrolyte disposed in the housing, a discharging assembly immersed in the electrolyte including one or more discharging cathodes and a first space amid the discharging cathodes and the interior surface of the housing, a metallic material, wherein the first space contains the metallic material to form one or more discharging anodes, and a second space above the discharging assembly contains the metallic material in excess of the portion in the first space; and methods of simultaneous charging and discharging.

Abstract: A method for operating an electrochemical cell system for storing electrical energy in metallic material comprising a cell housing containing an electrolyte, a metallic material, a charging assembly for deposition of the metallic material, a discharging assembly for dissolution of the metallic material, and a space for storing the metallic material. The method comprises determining the metal concentration in the electrolyte and a software algorithm for determining the operation parameters such as the currents and voltages of the system as well as the schedules for electrolyte circulation and dislodging of deposited metallic materials.

Abstract: An electrochemical cell system, including: a housing; an electrolyte disposed in the housing; a plurality of discharging cathodes immersed in the electrolyte and a plurality of first spaces between the discharging cathodes, a metallic material, when placed in the first spaces, forms a plurality of discharging anodes; an electrochemical system, including: a housing, an electrolyte disposed in the housing, a discharging assembly immersed in the electrolyte including one or more discharging cathodes and a first space amid the discharging cathodes and the interior surface of the housing, a metallic material, wherein the first space contains the metallic material to form one or more discharging anodes, and a second space above the discharging assembly contains the metallic material in excess of the portion in the first space; and methods of simultaneous charging and discharging.

Abstract: An electrochemical system for storing electrical energy in metallic material comprises a charging assembly having one or more cathode and anode couples for metal deposition and a discharging assembly having one or more cathodes and spaces amid the cathodes for containing metal anode. The charging assembly and discharging assembly are physically separated allowing independent operation of the charging and discharging facilities and independent scaling of power and energy capabilities. It also allows storage of anode metal material in simple containers separated from the charging and discharging assemblies and thus allows for economical energy storage.

Abstract: A method for operating an electrochemical cell system for storing electrical energy in metallic material comprising a cell housing containing an electrolyte, a metallic material, a charging assembly for deposition of the metallic material, a discharging assembly for dissolution of the metallic material, and a space for storing the metallic material. The method comprises determining the metal concentration in the electrolyte and a software algorithm for determining the operation parameters such as the currents and voltages of the system as well as the schedules for electrolyte circulation and dislodging of deposited metallic materials.

Abstract: An electrochemical system for storing electrical energy in metallic material comprises a charging assembly having one or more cathode and anode couples for metal deposition and a discharging assembly having one or more cathodes and spaces amid the cathodes for containing metal anode. The charging assembly and discharging assembly are physically separated allowing independent operation of the charging and discharging facilities and independent scaling of power and energy capabilities. It also allows storage of anode metal material in simple containers separated from the charging and discharging assemblies and thus allows for economical energy storage.

Abstract: Electrochemical cells having a cathode, a zinc anode including a mixture of zinc fibers and zinc powder, and electrolyte are provided. The zinc fiber and zinc powder may have selected physical and compositional attributes. Methods of preparing such electrochemical cells are also provided. Such electrochemical cells may provide improved discharging performance under power-demanding conditions.

Abstract: This invention relates to novel designs of high power batteries, electrochemical cells, energy storage materials and electrode materials, and processes for manufacturing same.

Abstract: A solid porous zinc electrode for use in alkaline-zinc batteries, zinc-air batteries and fuel cells is provided which comprises specific zinc filaments, fibers, threads or strands compressed into a physically-stable wooly mass to form the electrode with a controlled geometrical shape and porosity distribution. Differential densification incorporates ribs, borders, grids or tabs for good structural integrity, mechanical strength, electrochemical behavior, and electrical conductivity. Pressing in a mold or rolling of a compressed sheet can also provide an anode with a large anode/cathode interface area and a complex geometry. The filaments of controlled dimension and composition are preferably made by spin forming from molten zinc alloys. Such anodes are not susceptible to breakage, have a long storage life and can be used in high rate discharge applications.