Abstract: Methods and systems are described herein for a decision layer of a multi-layer data platform. The decision layer may process application queries and serve the queries based on a dataset of previously generated and indexed data or, as a last resort, queries the blockchain node directly. Using indexed blockchain data to serve application queries reduces latency and downtime of traditional systems that direct queries to blockchain nodes immediately. Furthermore, the decision layer overcomes high latency and downtime issues associated with a pool of load-balanced nodes by reducing the number of direct queries to a blockchain. When applications rely on data directly queried from a blockchain, they are susceptible to limited availability, a problem that the decision layer mitigates with indexed and updated blockchain data.

Abstract: Methods and systems are described herein for a decision layer of a multi-layer data platform. The decision layer may process application queries and serve the queries based on a dataset of previously generated and indexed data or, as a last resort, queries the blockchain node directly. Using indexed blockchain data to serve application queries reduces latency and downtime of traditional systems that direct queries to blockchain nodes immediately. Furthermore, the decision layer overcomes high latency and downtime issues associated with a pool of load-balanced nodes by reducing the number of direct queries to a blockchain. When applications rely on data directly queried from a blockchain, they are susceptible to limited availability, a problem that the decision layer mitigates with indexed and updated blockchain data.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are methods comprising illuminating a first location of a plasmonic substrate with electromagnetic radiation, wherein the electromagnetic radiation comprises a wavelength that overlaps with at least a portion of the plasmon resonance energy of the plasmonic substrate. The plasmonic substrate can be in thermal contact with a liquid sample comprising a plurality of metal particles and a surfactant, the liquid sample having a first temperature. The methods can further comprise generating a confinement region at a location in the liquid sample proximate to the first location of the plasmonic substrate, wherein at least a portion of the confinement region has a second temperature that is greater than the first temperature such that the confinement region is bound by a temperature gradient. The methods can further comprise trapping at least a portion of the plurality of metal particles within the confinement region.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are methods comprising illuminating a first location of a plasmonic substrate with electromagnetic radiation, wherein the electromagnetic radiation comprises a wavelength that overlaps with at least a portion of the plasmon resonance energy of the plasmonic substrate. The plasmonic substrate can be in thermal contact with a liquid sample comprising a plurality of particles, the liquid sample having a first temperature. The methods can further comprise generating a confinement region at a location in the liquid sample proximate to the first location of the plasmonic substrate, wherein at least a portion of the confinement region has a second temperature that is greater than the first temperature such that the confinement region is bound by a temperature gradient. The methods can further comprise trapping at least a portion of the plurality of particles within the confinement region.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are methods comprising illuminating a first location of an optothermal substrate with electromagnetic radiation, wherein the optothermal substrate converts at least a portion of the electromagnetic radiation into thermal energy. The optothermal substrate can be in thermal contact with a liquid sample comprising a plurality of capped particles and a plurality of surfactant micelles, the liquid sample having a first temperature. The methods can further comprise generating a confinement region at a location in the liquid sample proximate to the first location of the optothermal substrate, wherein at least a portion of the confinement region has a second temperature that is greater than the first temperature such that the confinement region is bound by a temperature gradient. The methods can further comprise trapping and depositing at least a portion of the plurality of capped particles.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are methods comprising illuminating a first location of a plasmonic substrate with electromagnetic radiation, wherein the electromagnetic radiation comprises a wavelength that overlaps with at least a portion of the plasmon resonance energy of the plasmonic substrate. The plasmonic substrate can be in thermal contact with a liquid sample comprising a plurality of metal particles and a surfactant, the liquid sample having a first temperature. The methods can further comprise generating a confinement region at a location in the liquid sample proximate to the first location of the plasmonic substrate, wherein at least a portion of the confinement region has a second temperature that is greater than the first temperature such that the confinement region is bound by a temperature gradient. The methods can further comprise trapping at least a portion of the plurality of metal particles within the confinement region.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are lithographic systems and methods. For example, disclosed herein are methods comprising illuminating a first location of a plasmonic substrate with electromagnetic radiation; wherein the electromagnetic radiation comprises a wavelength that overlaps with at least a portion of the plasmon resonance energy of the plasmonic substrate; and wherein the plasmonic substrate is in thermal contact with a liquid sample comprising a plurality of particles; thereby: generating a bubble at a location in the liquid sample proximate to the first location of the plasmonic substrate, the bubble having a gas-liquid interface with the liquid sample; trapping at least a portion of the plurality of particles at the gas-liquid interface of the bubble and the liquid sample; and depositing at least a portion of the plurality of particles on the plasmonic substrate at the first location.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are methods comprising illuminating a first location of a plasmonic substrate with electromagnetic radiation, wherein the electromagnetic radiation comprises a wavelength that overlaps with at least a portion of the plasmon resonance energy of the plasmonic substrate. The plasmonic substrate can be in thermal contact with a liquid sample comprising a plurality of particles, the liquid sample having a first temperature. The methods can further comprise generating a confinement region at a location in the liquid sample proximate to the first location of the plasmonic substrate, wherein at least a portion of the confinement region has a second temperature that is greater than the first temperature such that the confinement region is bound by a temperature gradient. The methods can further comprise trapping at least a portion of the plurality of particles within the confinement region.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are lithographic systems and methods. For example, disclosed herein are methods comprising illuminating a first location of a plasmonic substrate with electromagnetic radiation; wherein the electromagnetic radiation comprises a wavelength that overlaps with at least a portion of the plasmon resonance energy of the plasmonic substrate; and wherein the plasmonic substrate is in thermal contact with a liquid sample comprising a plurality of particles; thereby: generating a bubble at a location in the liquid sample proximate to the first location of the plasmonic substrate, the bubble having a gas-liquid interface with the liquid sample; trapping at least a portion of the plurality of particles at the gas-liquid interface of the bubble and the liquid sample; and depositing at least a portion of the plurality of particles on the plasmonic substrate at the first location.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are methods comprising illuminating a first location of an optothermal substrate with electromagnetic radiation, wherein the optothermal substrate converts at least a portion of the electromagnetic radiation into thermal energy. The optothermal substrate can be in thermal contact with a liquid sample comprising a plurality of capped particles and a plurality of surfactant micelles, the liquid sample having a first temperature. The methods can further comprise generating a confinement region at a location in the liquid sample proximate to the first location of the optothermal substrate, wherein at least a portion of the confinement region has a second temperature that is greater than the first temperature such that the confinement region is bound by a temperature gradient. The methods can further comprise trapping and depositing at least a portion of the plurality of capped particles.