Abstract: A throttling component and a conditioning and flowrate measurement device including a throttling component. The throttling component comprises a central throttling element and multiple peripheral throttling elements. The multiple peripheral throttling elements are sequentially sleeved on the exterior of the central throttling element, and are coaxial to the central throttling element; annular fluid channels are respectively formed between the central throttling element and its adjacent peripheral throttling element, and between adjacent peripheral throttling elements. A sensitive and clear differential pressure signal is generated while the throttling component stabilizes the flow, so that the accuracy and reliability of flowrate measurement can be improved.

Abstract: A throttling component and a conditioning and flowrate measurement device including a throttling component. The throttling component comprises a central throttling element and multiple peripheral throttling elements. The multiple peripheral throttling elements are sequentially sleeved on the exterior of the central throttling element, and are coaxial to the central throttling element; annular fluid channels are respectively formed between the central throttling element and its adjacent peripheral throttling element, and between adjacent peripheral throttling elements. A sensitive and clear differential pressure signal is generated while the throttling component stabilizes the flow, so that the accuracy and reliability of flowrate measurement can be improved.

Abstract: Embodiments of the invention provide a method for forming a solar cell including forming a layer comprising alumina on a substrate and forming a transparent conductive layer on the layer comprising alumina. The method may also include forming a transparent conductive seed layer on the layer comprising alumina and forming a transparent conductive bulk layer on the transparent conductive seed layer. Embodiments of the invention also include photovoltaic devices having a substrate, a layer comprising alumina adjacent to the substrate, a zinc oxide-containing transparent conductive seed layer adjacent to the layer comprising alumina, and a zinc oxide-containing transparent conductive bulk layer adjacent the zinc oxide-containing transparent conductive seed layer.

Abstract: An airfoil comprising a high pressure surface; a low pressure surface; a leading edge where the high and low pressure surfaces meet at the front of the airfoil; and a trailing edge where the high and low pressure surfaces meet at the back of the airfoil. A porous flow deflector extends from the low pressure surface. The porous flow deflector is attached to the low pressure surface at a position which is closer in a chord-wise sense to the leading edge than to the trailing edge. That is, the percentage chord distance between the leading edge and the position where the flow deflector is attached is less than 50%. The porous flow deflector comprises a plurality of flow deflection members each spaced progressively further from the low pressure surface in a direction away from the low pressure surface, and each flow deflection member is angled down to the rear relative to a local tangent of the low pressure surface.