Abstract: In one embodiment, a method includes determining, by a first network component, a sender shaper drop value based on the following: a maximum sequence number; a minimum sequence number; and a sender sequence counter number associated with the first network component. The method also includes determining, by the first network component, a wide area network (WAN) link drop value based on the sender sequence counter number associated with the first network component and a receiver sequence counter number associated with a second network component. The method further includes determining, by the first network component, whether to adjust a sender shaper rate based on the sender shaper drop value and the WAN link drop value.

Abstract: A power system for connecting a power source, an energy storage unit and a grid includes a power inverter, an energy storage power converter and a controller. The power inverter is electrically coupled to the power source through a DC bus and converts DC power from the DC bus to AC power output to the grid. The power converter is electrically coupled between the DC bus and the energy storage unit and stores power in the energy storage unit and discharges power from the energy storage unit. The controller controls the power converter to store excess power from the power source that cannot be output to the grid in the energy storage unit, and control the energy storage power converter to discharge power stored in the energy storage unit to the power inverter to output to the grid.

Abstract: A DC/DC converter system includes a bidirectional DC/DC converter converting between voltage levels at first and second ports and a control system for controlling the DC/DC converter. The bidirectional DC/DC converter includes a first conversion stage connected to the first port and a second conversion stage interfaced with the first conversion stage and connected to the second port. The control system includes outer and inner control loops. The outer control loop compares a command for one of a voltage level, a current level or power at one of the first and second ports to an actual value of voltage level, current level or power level and outputs an interface current command based on the comparison. The inner control loop compares the interface current command to an actual interface current at an interface of the first and second conversion stages, and controls a switching signal duty value based on the comparison.

Abstract: A method for determining when a connection of a power system to a grid has been disconnected. The method includes the power system supplying a first amount of reactive power to the grid to which the power system is connected, and the power system determining if there is a frequency change within the grid. This includes if the frequency change does not exceed a predetermined threshold, the power system supplying a second amount of reactive power to the grid, and if the frequency exceeds a predetermined threshold, the power system supplying a first amount of reactive power to the grid.

Abstract: A method for determining when a connection of a power system to a grid has been disconnected. The method includes the power system supplying a first amount of reactive power to the grid to which the power system is connected, and the power system determining if there is a frequency change within the grid. This includes if the frequency change does not exceed a predetermined threshold, the power system supplying a second amount of reactive power to the grid, and if the frequency exceeds a predetermined threshold, the power system supplying a first amount of reactive power to the grid.

Abstract: A method for determining when a connection of a power system to a grid has been disconnected. The method includes the power system supplying a first amount of reactive power to the grid to which the power system is connected, and the power system determining if there is a frequency change within the grid. This includes if the frequency change does not exceed a predetermined threshold, the power system supplying a second amount of reactive power to the grid, and if the frequency exceeds a predetermined threshold, the power system supplying a first amount of reactive power to the grid.

Abstract: A power system for connecting a power source, an energy storage unit and a grid includes a power inverter, an energy storage power converter and a controller. The power inverter is electrically coupled to the power source through a DC bus and converts DC power from the DC bus to AC power output to the grid. The power converter is electrically coupled between the DC bus and the energy storage unit and stores power in the energy storage unit and discharges power from the energy storage unit. The controller controls the power converter to store excess power from the power source that cannot be output to the grid in the energy storage unit, and control the energy storage power converter to discharge power stored in the energy storage unit to the power inverter to output to the grid.

Abstract: A power system for connecting a power source, an energy storage unit and a grid includes a power inverter, an energy storage power converter and a controller. The power inverter is electrically coupled to the power source through a DC bus and converts DC power from the DC bus to AC power output to the grid. The power converter is electrically coupled between the DC bus and the energy storage unit and stores power in the energy storage unit and discharges power from the energy storage unit. The controller controls the power converter to store excess power from the power source that cannot be output to the grid in the energy storage unit, and control the energy storage power converter to discharge power stored in the energy storage unit to the power inverter to output to the grid.

Abstract: A method for determining when a connection of a power system to a grid has been disconnected. The method includes the power system supplying a first amount of reactive power to the grid to which the power system is connected, and the power system determining if there is a frequency change within the grid. This includes if the frequency change does not exceed a predetermined threshold, the power system supplying a second amount of reactive power to the grid, and if the frequency exceeds a predetermined threshold, the power system supplying a first amount of reactive power to the grid.

Abstract: A DC/DC converter system includes a bidirectional DC/DC converter converting between voltage levels at first and second ports and a control system for controlling the DC/DC converter. The bidirectional DC/DC converter includes a first conversion stage connected to the first port and a second conversion stage interfaced with the first conversion stage and connected to the second port. The control system includes outer arid inner control loops. The outer control loop compares a command for one of a voltage level, a current level or power at one of the first and second ports to an actual value of voltage level, current level or power level and outputs an interface current command based on the comparison. The inner control loop compares the interface current command to an actual interface current at an interface of the first and second conversion stages, and controls a switching signal duty value based on the comparison.

Abstract: A DC/DC converter system includes a bidirectional DC/DC converter converting between voltage levels at first and second ports and a control system for controlling the DC/DC converter. The bidirectional DC/DC converter includes a first conversion stage connected to the first port and a second conversion stage interfaced with the first conversion stage and connected to the second port. The control system includes outer and inner control loops. The outer control loop compares a command for one of a voltage level, a current level or power at one of the first and second ports to an actual value of voltage level, current level or power level and outputs an interface current command based on the comparison. The inner control loop compares the interface current command to an actual interface current at an interface of the first and second conversion stages, and controls a switching signal duty value based on the comparison.

Abstract: An energy storage system for direct DC coupling includes a power source electrically connected to a first node, a power converter coupled to the first node, an energy storage unit coupled to the first node through direct DC coupling, and a control system. The power converter controls the output voltage of the power source under the control of the control system. The energy storage unit draws energy from the power source or the bus when charging and supplies energy to the bus when discharging. A main switch is coupled between the first node and the energy storage unit. The control system is configure to control the power converter to adjust the output voltage to the energy storage unit voltage, control the main switch to electrically connect the energy storage unit to the first node, and control the main switch to electrically disconnect the energy storage unit from the first node.

Abstract: An energy storage system for direct DC coupling includes a power source electrically connected to a first node, a power converter coupled to the first node, an energy storage unit coupled to the first node through direct DC coupling, and a control system. The power converter controls the output voltage of the power source under the control of the control system. The energy storage unit draws energy from the power source or the bus when charging and supplies energy to the bus when discharging. A main switch is coupled between the first node and the energy storage unit. The control system is configure to control the power converter to adjust the output voltage to the energy storage unit voltage, control the main switch to electrically connect the energy storage unit to the first node, and control the main switch to electrically disconnect the energy storage unit from the first node.

Abstract: A method for determining when a connection of a power system to a grid has been disconnected. The method includes the power system supplying a first amount of reactive power to the grid to which the power system is connected, and the power system determining if there is a frequency change within the grid. This includes if the frequency change does not exceed a predetermined threshold, the power system supplying a second amount of reactive power to the grid, and if the frequency exceeds a predetermined threshold, the power system supplying a first amount of reactive power to the grid.

Abstract: A power system for connecting a power source, an energy storage unit and a grid includes a power inverter, an energy storage power converter and a controller. The power inverter is electrically coupled to the power source through a DC bus and converts DC power from the DC bus to AC power output to the grid. The power converter is electrically coupled between the DC bus and the energy storage unit and stores power in the energy storage unit and discharges power from the energy storage unit. The controller controls the power converter to store excess power from the power source that cannot be output to the grid in the energy storage unit, and control the energy storage power converter to discharge power stored in the energy storage unit to the power inverter to output to the grid.

Abstract: A DC/DC converter system includes a bidirectional DC/DC converter converting between voltage levels at first and second ports and a control system for controlling the DC/DC converter. The bidirectional DC/DC converter includes a first conversion stage connected to the first port and a second conversion stage interfaced with the first conversion stage and connected to the second port. The control system includes outer and inner control loops. The outer control loop compares a command for one of a voltage level, a current level or power at one of the first and second ports to an actual value of voltage level, current level or power level and outputs an interface current command based on the comparison. The inner control loop compares the interface current command to an actual interface current at an interface of the first and second conversion stages, and controls a switching signal duty value based on the comparison.

Abstract: A method for determining when a connection of a power system to a grid has been disconnected. The method includes the power system supplying a first amount of reactive power to the grid to which the power system is connected, and the power system determining if there is a frequency change within the grid. This includes if the frequency change does not exceed a predetermined threshold, the power system supplying a second amount of reactive power to the grid, and if the frequency exceeds a predetermined threshold, the power system supplying a first amount of reactive power to the grid.

Abstract: A method for determining when a connection of a power system to a grid has been disconnected. The method includes the power system supplying a first amount of reactive power to the grid to which the power system is connected, and the power system determining if there is a frequency change within the grid. This includes if the frequency change does not exceed a predetermined threshold, the power system supplying a second amount of reactive power to the grid, and if the frequency exceeds a predetermined threshold, the power system supplying a first amount of reactive power to the grid.

Abstract: A protection apparatus and a protection method of a PWM cycloconverter wherein when the PWM cycloconverter is shut off, a surge voltage or an overcurrent is not produced on the output side are provided. A protection apparatus of a PWM cycloconverter is made up of fault detection means 30 for detecting a fault of the PWM cycloconverter, operation stop means 25 for turning off at least some of the uni-directional semiconductor switches 3 to 20 of the PWM cycloconverter if a fault signal occurs, continuous flow means for allowing a load current of the PWM cycloconverter to continuously flow if at least some output phases of the PWM cycloconverter become open, and protection switching means 50 for turning on and off the unidirectional semiconductor switches of the PWM cycloconverter based on the fault signal output from the fault detection means.