Abstract: A bioreactor includes a scaffold, a scaffold support, and a manifold. The scaffold is seeded with a plurality of cells. The scaffold has an extended state and a non-extended state. The scaffold support that selectively modifies a state of the scaffold from the non-extended state to the extended state. A manifold is configured to provide a medium to the scaffold. The state of the scaffold from the non-extended state to the extended state is modified at a rate tuned to maintain a cell density associated with the plurality of cells within a particular density range.

Abstract: A bioreactor includes a scaffold, a scaffold support, and a manifold. The scaffold is seeded with a plurality of cells. The scaffold has an extended state and a non-extended state. The scaffold support that selectively modifies a state of the scaffold from the non-extended state to the extended state. A manifold is configured to provide a medium to the scaffold. The state of the scaffold from the non-extended state to the extended state is modified at a rate tuned to maintain a cell density associated with the plurality of cells within a particular density range.

Abstract: Example apparatus disclosed herein are to compare (i) ratios of program ratings to corresponding network ratings with (ii) a threshold to determine adjusted viewing data for respective sites during a monitoring interval, the program ratings and the corresponding network ratings determined for programs tuned on corresponding networks at the respective sites during the monitoring interval, the adjusted viewing data for a combination of a first program and a first site to represent an adjusted amount of time the first program was presented at the first site. Disclosed example apparatus are also to cluster the programs into program clusters based on distances between respective combinations of pairs of the programs, the distances based on the adjusted viewing data. Disclosed example apparatus are further to output information to identify the program clusters.

Abstract: Disclosed example apparatus to determine volume of switching (VoS) among television programs examine first viewing data associated with a first time period and second viewing data associated with a second time period to identify a first set of panelists represented in both the first and second viewing data; in response to a size of the first set of panelists satisfying both first and second thresholds, estimate the VoS based on a first subset of the first viewing data and a second subset of the second viewing data associated with the first set of panelists; and in response to the size of the first set of panelists satisfying the first but not the second threshold, estimate the VoS based on the first and second subsets, and a third subset of the first viewing data and a fourth subset of the second viewing data associated with a second set of panelists.

Abstract: Disclosed example apparatus to determine volume of switching (VoS) among television programs examine first viewing data associated with a first time period and second viewing data associated with a second time period to identify a first set of panelists represented in both the first and second viewing data; in response to a size of the first set of panelists satisfying both first and second thresholds, estimate the VoS based on a first subset of the first viewing data and a second subset of the second viewing data associated with the first set of panelists; and in response to the size of the first set of panelists satisfying the first but not the second threshold, estimate the VoS based on the first and second subsets, and a third subset of the first viewing data and a fourth subset of the second viewing data associated with a second set of panelists.

Abstract: Disclosed example apparatus to determine volume of switching (VoS) among television programs examine first viewing data associated with a first time period and second viewing data associated with a second time period to identify a first set of panelists represented in both the first and second viewing data; in response to a size of the first set of panelists satisfying both first and second thresholds, estimate the VoS based on a first subset of the first viewing data and a second subset of the second viewing data associated with the first set of panelists; and in response to the size of the first set of panelists satisfying the first but not the second threshold, estimate the VoS based on the first and second subsets, and a third subset of the first viewing data and a fourth subset of the second viewing data associated with a second set of panelists.

Abstract: A volume tank that houses a material is provided. The volume tank can include a first bulk head, a second bulk head opposite the first bulk head, a non-symmetrical frustoconical shell section, a cylindrical shell section and a transition section in between the non-symmetrical frustoconical shell section and the cylindrical shell section. The volume tank is configured to be coupled to a portion of a frame of a vehicle, and in a non-limiting embodiment, to a school bus.

Abstract: Example apparatus disclosed herein are to compare (i) ratios of program ratings to corresponding network ratings with (ii) a threshold to determine adjusted viewing data for respective sites during a monitoring interval, the program ratings and the corresponding network ratings determined for programs tuned on corresponding networks at the respective sites during the monitoring interval, the adjusted viewing data for a combination of a first program and a first site to represent an adjusted amount of time the first program was presented at the first site. Disclosed example apparatus are also to cluster the programs into program clusters based on distances between respective combinations of pairs of the programs, the distances based on the adjusted viewing data. Disclosed example apparatus are further to output information to identify the program clusters.

Abstract: Disclosed example apparatus to determine volume of switching (VoS) among television programs examine first viewing data associated with a first time period and second viewing data associated with a second time period to identify a first set of panelists represented in both the first and second viewing data; in response to a size of the first set of panelists satisfying both first and second thresholds, estimate the VoS based on a first subset of the first viewing data and a second subset of the second viewing data associated with the first set of panelists; and in response to the size of the first set of panelists satisfying the first but not the second threshold, estimate the VoS based on the first and second subsets, and a third subset of the first viewing data and a fourth subset of the second viewing data associated with a second set of panelists.

Abstract: Example program clustering systems disclosed herein are to compare (i) ratios of program ratings to corresponding network ratings with (ii) a threshold to determine adjusted viewing data for respective sites during a monitoring interval, the program ratings and the corresponding network ratings determined for programs tuned on corresponding networks at the respective sites during the monitoring interval, the adjusted viewing data for a combination of a first program and a first site to represent an adjusted amount of time the first program was presented at the first site. Disclosed example program clustering systems are also to cluster the programs into program clusters based on distances between respective combinations of pairs of the programs, the distances based on the adjusted viewing data. Disclosed example program clustering systems are further to output information to identify the program clusters.

Abstract: Disclosed example apparatus to determine volume of switching (VoS) among television programs examine first viewing data associated with a first time period and second viewing data associated with a second time period to identify a first set of panelists represented in both the first and second viewing data; in response to a size of the first set of panelists satisfying both first and second thresholds, estimate the VoS based on a first subset of the first viewing data and a second subset of the second viewing data associated with the first set of panelists; and in response to the size of the first set of panelists satisfying the first but not the second threshold, estimate the VoS based on the first and second subsets, and a third subset of the first viewing data and a fourth subset of the second viewing data associated with a second set of panelists.

Abstract: Example program clustering systems disclosed herein are to compare (i) ratios of program ratings to corresponding network ratings with (ii) a threshold to determine adjusted viewing data for respective sites during a monitoring interval, the program ratings and the corresponding network ratings determined for programs tuned on corresponding networks at the respective sites during the monitoring interval, the adjusted viewing data for a combination of a first program and a first site to represent an adjusted amount of time the first program was presented at the first site. Disclosed example program clustering systems are also to cluster the programs into program clusters based on distances between respective combinations of pairs of the programs, the distances based on the adjusted viewing data. Disclosed example program clustering systems are further to output information to identify the program clusters.

Abstract: Examples disclosed herein to estimate volume of switching (VoS) among television programs include determining, based on panelist program viewing data, a first VoS value representing a portion of a decreased amount of tuning by matched panelists to a first program from first to second measurement periods to attribute to an increased amount of tuning by the matched panelists to a second program from the first to second measurement periods; estimating, based on the program viewing data and first VoS value, a second VoS value representing a portion of a decreased amount of tuning by unmatched panelists to the first program from the first to second measurement periods to attribute to an increased amount of tuning by the unmatched panelists to the second program from the first to second measurement periods; and combining the first and second VoS values to determine a third VoS value for a combination of the matched and unmatched panelists.

Abstract: Example program clustering methods disclosed herein include accessing person-level program viewing data representing lengths of time respective people in an audience have tuned to respective television programs to be clustered. Disclosed example methods also include determining adjusted person-level program viewing data for respective ones of the people having tuned to respective ones of the television programs. For example, first person-level program viewing data for a first person having tuned to a first program is adjusted based on a ratio characterizing a relationship between a first program rating associated with the first person having tuned to the first program and a first network rating associated with the first person having tuned to a first network associated with the first program.

Abstract: A volume tank that houses a material is provided. The volume tank can include a first bulk head, a second bulk head opposite the first bulk head, a non-symmetrical frustoconical shell section, a cylindrical shell section and a transition section in between the non-symmetrical frustoconical shell section and the cylindrical shell section. The volume tank is configured to be coupled to a portion of a frame of a vehicle, and in a non-limiting embodiment, to a school bus.

Abstract: Examples disclosed herein to estimate volume of switching (VoS) among television programs include determining, based on panelist program viewing data, a first VoS value representing a portion of a decreased amount of tuning by matched panelists to a first program from first to second measurement periods to attribute to an increased amount of tuning by the matched panelists to a second program from the first to second measurement periods; estimating, based on the program viewing data and first VoS value, a second VoS value representing a portion of a decreased amount of tuning by unmatched panelists to the first program from the first to second measurement periods to attribute to an increased amount of tuning by the unmatched panelists to the second program from the first to second measurement periods; and combining the first and second VoS values to determine a third VoS value for a combination of the matched and unmatched panelists.

Abstract: Example program clustering methods disclosed herein include accessing person-level program viewing data representing lengths of time respective people in an audience have tuned to respective television programs to be clustered. Disclosed example methods also include determining adjusted person-level program viewing data for respective ones of the people having tuned to respective ones of the television programs. For example, first person-level program viewing data for a first person having tuned to a first program is adjusted based on a ratio characterizing a relationship between a first program rating associated with the first person having tuned to the first program and a first network rating associated with the first person having tuned to a first network associated with the first program.

Abstract: A vessel has an annular upstanding wall and a bottom that together define an inner shell adapted to hold a vessel media. A baffle system is disposed in an interior of the inner shell and comprises a plurality of baffle portions each being generally an elongate planar member with a length edge and a width edge, and a tab projecting from the length edge. Each of the baffle portions is mounted to the upstanding wall at their respective tab with one of the baffle portion above the second baffle portion and a space therebetween.