Abstract: Systems of producing hydrogen and biochar from biomass assisted by iron and steel slag extract include: a pretreatment system that the reactants, including the biomass, iron-based catalyst and alkaline reagent, are pretreated and fully mixed at specific ratios in the pretreatment system; thermal reactor that the mixed reactants from the pretreatment device are transferred into and fully reacted in the thermal reactor; a solid residue collector that the solid residue is collected by the solid residue collector at the discharge outlet of the thermal reactor after the reacted mixture is separated; a gas collection system that he generated hydrogen-based gas is collected by the gas collection system from the exhaust port of the thermal reactor.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are compositions, methods, cells, engineered microorganisms, and kits for increasing the production of proteins or polypeptides comprising one or more unnatural amino acids. Further provided are compositions, cells, engineered microorganisms, and kits for increasing the retention of unnatural nucleic acids encoding the unnatural amino acids in an engineered cell, or semi-synthetic organism.

Abstract: The present invention discloses the systems of producing calcium and magnesium carbonate from the Ca/Mg containing solution leached by a CO2-based hydrometallurgical process which includes: a precipitation reactor that the Ca/Mg containing leached solution is continuously added and fully mixed with the alkaline reagent at specific mole ratio into the precipitation reactor and the reactor also comprises a CO2 bubbling module where CO2 is captured and recirculated from the thermal decomposition process as needed; a solid-liquid separation unit that the treated slurry is treated by the solid-liquid separation unit to produce precipitated calcium and magnesium carbonate products where the recirculating water is recycled back into the precipitation reactor; a thermal decomposition unit that the calcium and magnesium carbonate products is calcined by the thermal decomposition unit to produce an alkaline reagent and the alkaline reagent is recycled back into the precipitation reactor for the next batch of reaction.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are compositions, methods, cells, engineered microorganisms, and kits for increasing the production of proteins or polypeptides comprising one or more unnatural amino acids. Further provided are compositions, cells, engineered microorganisms, and kits for increasing the retention of unnatural nucleic acids encoding the unnatural amino acids in an engineered cell, or semi-synthetic organism.

Abstract: A coupling system of CO2 capture in flue gas and CO2 mineralization based on industrial solid waste includes: 1) an adsorption reaction device configured to treat flue gas with the embedded adsorbents, 2) a thermal decomposition device designed to decompose the first carbonate products to oxides and carbon dioxide, wherein the produced oxides are circulated to the adsorption reaction device, and 3) an industrial solid waste mineralization system configured to treat the deactivated oxides and the as-produced carbon dioxide. The coupling system can not only realize carbon capture and utilization, but also can enable the reuse of waste and the production of high-quality carbonates. Meanwhile, the carbon capture line is also convenient to be organically integrated with the production line of carbon mineralization system based on industrial solid waste, reducing the cost of the whole process.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are methods of reverse transcribing a polynucleotide comprising an unnatural ribonucleotide comprising reverse transcribing the polynucleotide with a reverse transcriptase in the presence of an unnatural dNTP comprising an unnatural nucleobase, wherein the reverse transcriptase polymerizes cDNA into which the unnatural NTP is incorporated. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide is present at a concentration less than or equal to about 500 nM and/or the polynucleotide is a tRNA, mRNA, RNA aptamer, or a member of a plurality of RNA aptamer candidates.

Abstract: A coupling system of CO2 capture in flue gas and CO2 mineralization based on industrial solid waste includes: 1) an adsorption reaction device configured to treat flue gas with the embedded adsorbents, 2) a thermal decomposition device designed to decompose the first carbonate products to oxides and carbon dioxide, wherein the produced oxides are circulated to the adsorption reaction device, and 3) an industrial solid waste mineralization system configured to treat the deactivated oxides and the as-produced carbon dioxide. The coupling system can not only realize carbon capture and utilization, but also can enable the reuse of waste and the production of high-quality carbonates. Meanwhile, the carbon capture line is also convenient to be organically integrated with the production line of carbon mineralization system based on industrial solid waste, reducing the cost of the whole process.

Abstract: A coupling system of copper slag recycling and CO2 mineralization process based on industrial solid waste includes the following steps: obtaining copper slags, performing a slag forming treatment, obtaining reforming slags, obtaining sponge iron, coupling the reforming slag with a CO2 mineralization process based on industrial solid waste, and coupling the CO2 generated in the process of obtaining sponge iron with the CO2 mineralization process based on industrial solid waste. The system includes a slag forming treatment device, a secondary treatment device, a first coupling device, and a second coupling device. The coupling system couples the recycling of copper slag with the existing CO2 mineralization process based on industrial solid waste. Various production lines can be organically integrated in a green and clean manner for both reforming slag and flue gas.

Abstract: The present invention discloses an online color difference detection system and detection method, and belongs to the color difference detection field, the system including: an online non-contact colorimeter and a bracket, the online non-contact colorimeter being located on the bracket, and the online non-contact colorimeter emitting a light source directed towards a sample under detection to perform color difference detection on the sample under detection, wherein an angle between reflected light received by a reflected light meter of the online non-contact colorimeter and a vertical line of the sample under detection has an error within plus or minus 1 degree from an angle between reflected light received by a reflected light meter of an offline benchtop colorimeter and the vertical line of the sample under detection.

Abstract: The present invention is a CO2 based hydrometallurgical multistage reaction and separation system comprising: a pre-washing device configured to fully mix the feedstock, such as industrial solid waste, mineral and mine tailings with auxiliary reagents and water at specific ratio, a reactor configured to treat the washed slurry with CO2 bubbling and discharge the treated slurry to the next stage, multistage separators configured to separate solid particles from treated slurry and recycle the unreacted solids back into the pre-washing device, a by-product preparation device configured to generate calcium and magnesium based products from filtrate containing target elements, a water recirculating device configured to recycle the remaining liquor back to the system. The present invention ensures the whole system is able to continuously and consistently react at maximum capacity through continuous slurry feeding and CO2 bubbling into the reactors which also enables multistage circulating reaction.

Abstract: Provided herein are eukaryotic semi-synthetic organisms and their methods of use and manufacture.

Abstract: A method and system for producing highly activated silicate material, wherein the silicate source material is provided for reaction with a reforming agent in a reforming process. The reforming process is a hydrothermal process and/or a high temperature silicate reforming (HTSR) process. A heat source heats reaction materials to a reaction temperature in the presence of a reaction medium. For the hydrothermal reaction process, the reaction medium and heat source are an exhausted steam that is a byproduct of another industrial process. For the HTSR process, the silicate source material and the heat source are a molten slag byproduct from another industrial process.

Abstract: Methods and systems for producing activated silicate materials are disclosed. A silicate source material is provided for reaction with a reforming agent in a reforming process. The reforming process is a hydrothermal process and/or a high temperature silicate reforming (HTSR) process. The reaction materials are brought to the suitable reaction temperature via a heat source in the presence of the suitable reaction medium. The activated silicate materials exhibit improved reactivity compared to non-activated silicate materials and thus are advantageously employed in elemental extraction processes to produce a valuable material product.

Abstract: The present invention is a CO2 based hydrometallurgical multistage reaction and separation system comprising: a pre-washing device configured to fully mix the feedstock, such as industrial solid waste, mineral and mine tailings with auxiliary reagents and water at specific ratio, a reactor configured to treat the washed slurry with CO2 bubbling and discharge the treated slurry to the next stage, multistage separators configured to separate solid particles from treated slurry and recycle the unreacted solids back into the pre-washing device, a by-product preparation device configured to generate calcium and magnesium based products from filtrate containing target elements, a water recirculating device configured to recycle the remaining liquor back to the system. The present invention ensures the whole system is able to continuously and consistently react at maximum capacity through continuous slurry feeding and CO2 bubbling into the reactors which also enables multistage circulating reaction.

Abstract: Systems of producing hydrogen and biochar from biomass assisted by iron and steel slag extract include: a pretreatment system that the reactants, including the biomass, iron-based catalyst and alkaline reagent, are pretreated and fully mixed at specific ratios in the pretreatment system; thermal reactor that the mixed reactants from the pretreatment device are transferred into and fully reacted in the thermal reactor; a solid residue collector that the solid residue is collected by the solid residue collector at the discharge outlet of the thermal reactor after the reacted mixture is separated; a gas collection system that he generated hydrogen-based gas is collected by the gas collection system from the exhaust port of the thermal reactor.

Abstract: The present invention discloses the systems of producing calcium and magnesium carbonate from the Ca/Mg containing solution leached by a CO2-based hydrometallurgical process which includes: a precipitation reactor that the Ca/Mg containing leached solution is continuously added and fully mixed with the alkaline reagent at specific mole ratio into the precipitation reactor and the reactor also comprises a CO2 bubbling module where CO2 is captured and recirculated from the thermal decomposition process as needed; a solid-liquid separation unit that the treated slurry is treated by the solid-liquid separation unit to produce precipitated calcium and magnesium carbonate products where the recirculating water is recycled back into the precipitation reactor; a thermal decomposition unit that the calcium and magnesium carbonate products is calcined by the thermal decomposition unit to produce an alkaline reagent and the alkaline reagent is recycled back into the precipitation reactor for the next batch of reaction.

Abstract: Systems and methods for processing slag produced by iron and steel making processes are disclosed. The slag is treated produce a series of valued industrial products, such as metal oxides, metal carbonates, rare-earth metals, and water glass. The systems and methods also integrate slag processing with CO2 sequestration and flue gas desulphurization. Processing slag minimizes the land use for stockpiling or landfilling wastes produced from iron and steel making processes and protects the ground water underneath. Overall, the solid and gaseous emissions of an energy-intensive and highly polluted industrial process have been largely reduced, recycled and valorized in order to achieve a near zero-emission goal.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are compositions, methods, cells, engineered microorganisms, and kits for increasing the production of proteins or polypeptides comprising one or more unnatural amino acids. Further provided are compositions, cells, engineered microorganisms, and kits for increasing the retention of unnatural nucleic acids encoding the unnatural amino acids in an engineered cell, or semi-synthetic organism.

Abstract: Methods and systems for producing highly activated silicate materials are disclosed. A silicate source material is provided for reaction with a reforming agent in a reforming process. The reforming process is a hydrothermal process and/or a high temperature silicate reforming (HTSR) process. The reaction materials are brought to the suitable reaction temperature via a heat source in the presence of the suitable reaction medium. For the hydrothermal reaction process, the reaction medium and heat source can be exhausted steam that is the byproduct of another industrial process. For the HTSR process, the silicate source material and the heat source can be a molten slag byproduct from another industrial process. The activated silicate materials exhibit improved reactivity compared to non-activated silicate materials and thus are advantageously employed in elemental extraction processes to produce a value material product.

Abstract: Systems and methods for processing slag produced by iron and steel making processes are disclosed. The slag is treated produce a series of valued industrial products, such as metal oxides, metal carbonates, rare-earth metals, and water glass. The systems and methods also integrate slag processing with CO2 sequestration and flue gas desulphurization. Processing slag minimizes the land use for stockpiling or landfilling wastes produced from iron and steel making processes and protects the ground water underneath. Overall, the solid and gaseous emissions of an energy-intensive and highly polluted industrial process have been largely reduced, recycled and valorized in order to achieve a near zero-emission goal.