Abstract: Orthogonally protected disaccharide building blocks for synthesis of heparin saccharide are disclosed. The disaccharide building block has a formula (I), in which L is a leaving group, P1, P2, P3 and P4 are different, and of them P1 is an ester-type protecting group, P2 is a hydroxyl protecting group that could be oxidized to a carboxylic acid, P3 is a hydroxyl protecting group, and P4 is a hydroxyl protecting group which allows chemoselective deprotection with 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone (DDQ). Acting as an elongation unit, the disaccharide building block of formula (I) may react with a starting unit of formula (II) to synthesize a heparin saccharide of desired size.

Abstract: Orthogonally protected disaccharide building blocks for synthesis of heparin oligosaccharide. The disaccharide building block has a formula (I), in which L is a leaving group, P1, P2, P3 and are different, and of them P1 is an ester-type protecting group, P2 is a hydroxyl protecting group that could be oxidized to a carboxylic acid, P3 is a hydroxyl protecting group, and P4 is a hydroxyl protecting group which allows chemoslective deprotection with 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone (DDQ). Acting as an elongation unit, the disaccharide building block of formula (I) may react with a starting unit of formula (II) to synthesize a heparin oligosaccharide.

Abstract: The present invention provides composition and methods for the synthesis of low molecular weight heparins and heparinoids. The present invention also provides compositions having substantially homogenous populations of desired heparin molecules, or molecules useful in the synthesis of heparin oligosaccharides.

Abstract: The present invention provides composition and methods for the synthesis of low molecular weight heparins and heparinoids. The present invention also provides compositions having substantially homogenous populations of desired heparin molecules, or molecules useful in the synthesis of heparin oligosaccharides.

Abstract: A method and a compact apparatus to read shift-multiplexed holograms on a storage medium without the need for any lenses, and without the need for moving the storage medium. The shift-multiplexed holograms have centers at different locations. The apparatus can generate an array of diverging spherical waves of reference beams, each for illuminating one of the holograms. Each hologram is read as an image on a detector array by illuminating that hologram with a corresponding diverging spherical wave of reference beam. Different holograms can be read by illuminating the medium with a different diverging spherical reference beam. The diverging beams can be from an array of sources, or can be from switching one source.

Abstract: A method and a compact apparatus to read shift-multiplexed holograms on a storage medium without the need for any lenses, and without the need for moving the storage medium. The shift-multiplexed holograms have centers at different locations. The apparatus can generate an array of diverging spherical waves of reference beams, each for illuminating one of the holograms. Each hologram is read as an image on a detector array by illuminating that hologram with a corresponding diverging spherical wave of reference beam. Different holograms can be read by illuminating the medium with a different diverging spherical reference beam. The diverging beams can be from an array of sources, or can be from switching one source.