Abstract: A method for forming a test flume usable in hydraulic engineering and debris-flow hazard mitigation is provided. The test flume has a foundation flume and an expansion flume. The expansion flume has a lower edge connected to an upper edge of the foundation flume. A hydraulic radius of the test flume is determined based on a model test. A width of the foundation flume is selected based on a size of the test site of the model test. A coefficient is obtained and a width of the test flume is obtained. A cross section curve equation of the expansion flume is obtained based on the hydraulic radius of the test flume, the coefficient, the width of the test flume and the width of the foundation flume. The test flume is formed based on the cross section curve equation of the expansion flume.

Abstract: A method for forming a test flume usable in hydraulic engineering and debris-flow hazard mitigation is provided. The test flume has a foundation flume and an expansion flume. The expansion flume has a lower edge connected to an upper edge of the foundation flume. A hydraulic radius of the test flume is determined based on a model test. A width of the foundation flume is selected based on a size of the test site of the model test. A coefficient is obtained and a width of the test flume is obtained. A cross section curve equation of the expansion flume is obtained based on the hydraulic radius of the test flume, the coefficient, the width of the test flume and the width of the foundation flume. The test flume is formed based on the cross section curve equation of the expansion flume.

Abstract: There is provided a crystal oscillator in which a crystal blank and an integrated circuit (IC) chip are accommodated in a vessel and the IC chip is fixed through a bump to the bottom surface of the vessel by means of ultrasonic thermocompression bonding. The IC chip contains an oscillation circuit utilizing the crystal blank and has a plurality of terminal electrodes on a major surface thereof. A plurality of connection terminal portions are formed on the bottom surface of the concave portion of the vessel so that each of the connection terminal portions corresponds to one of the terminal electrodes. Each of the connection terminal portions is formed into a rectangular shape and the width of each connection terminal portion is identical. The terminal electrodes and the connection terminal portions are bonded to each other through a bump by means of ultrasonic thermocompression bonding. Thus, the IC chip is fixed to the bottom surface of the concave portion of the vessel.

Abstract: There is provided a crystal oscillator including a vessel main body having a concave portion, a cover bonded to the vessel main body so as to form an encapsulated vessel together with the vessel main body, a crystal blank held within the vessel, an IC (integrated circuit) chip containing an oscillating circuit utilizing the crystal blank and having a plurality of IC terminals on a major surface thereof, a plurality of circuit terminals formed on a bottom surface of the concave portion of the vessel main body at positions corresponding to the positions of the IC terminals, respectively. The IC chip is fixed to the bottom surface of the concave portion of the vessel main body by effecting face down bonding so that the IC terminals are bonded to the circuit terminals through bumps.