Abstract: This application provides a communication method and a communication apparatus. In this method, a session management function network element obtains routing information corresponding to a second data network access identifier, obtains an address of an edge application server corresponding to a service accessed by a terminal device; determines the second data network access identifier based on the address of the edge application server; determines, based on the routing information corresponding to the second data network access identifier, a packet processing rule corresponding to the server, and sends the packet processing rule to a user plane function network element.

Abstract: Embodiments of this application provide an information verification method, apparatus, and device. The method includes: sending a first message to a server that includes a target domain name and first indication information, which indicates a status of first verification information stored in a client, the first verification information is verification information generated based on multiple domain names and owner information of the multiple domain names, the first verification information verifies the owner information of the multiple domain names, and the multiple domain names include a target domain name; receiving a second message sent by the server based on the first message, where the second message indicates target first verification information, which is used by the client to verify owner information of the target domain name; and verifying the obtained owner information of the target domain name based on the second message.

Abstract: Embodiments of this application provide a communication method. An example method includes: An access network device performs congestion detection on a first data flow. The access network device sends a first data packet to a user plane function (UPF) network element based on a congestion detection result, where a tunneling protocol-user plane (GTP-U) header of the first data packet includes congestion information, or the access network device sends a second data packet to user equipment (UE) based on a congestion detection result, where a service data adaptation protocol (SDAP) layer of the second data packet includes congestion information, and the congestion information includes information for adjusting a rate of sending the first data flow.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to media unit transmission methods and apparatuses. In one example method, a user plane network element receives a media unit, where the media unit includes a plurality of data packets. The user plane network element sets marking information for the media unit, where the marking information is for determining that the media unit is a media unit allowed to be discarded. The user plane network element sends the media unit that carries the marking information.

Abstract: This application provides a method and an apparatus for discovering an edge service. The method includes: A first network element receives first information, where the first information includes first service information. The first network element receives second information, where the second information includes first domain name information. When the first domain name information corresponds to the first service information, the first network element determines, for a first terminal device, an application server that is the same as that of a second terminal device or an application server in an edge network that is the same as that of a second terminal device. The first network element sends a third rule, where the third rule includes second option information, and the second option information is used by a DNS server to determine application server address information.

Abstract: Embodiments of this application provide a method and an apparatus for determining a user equipment route selection policy. The method may include: A first policy control network element obtains first information, where the first information is used to determine a first user equipment route selection policy. The first policy control network element sends the first user equipment route selection policy to first user equipment, where the first policy control network element belongs to a visited network of the first user equipment. According to this application, user equipment roams to a visited network, and a user equipment route selection policy may be determined by the first policy control network element based on the first information, so that the visited network may provide the user equipment route selection policy for the user equipment, to implement a route selection service of the user equipment in a roaming scenario.

Abstract: In accordance with an embodiment, a method may include: receiving a domain name system DNS query message from a terminal device, where the DNS query message is used to obtain an edge server address; and sending the DNS query message to an edge application server discovery network element in a visited network based on first information, where the first information is used to forward one or more DNS messages to the edge application server discovery network element.

Abstract: This application provides a method and an apparatus for determining an application server. The method is performed by a first network element and includes: receiving first request information, where the first request information includes first service description information, the first service description information identifies a service accessed by a terminal device, and the first request information is for requesting to determine first information for the terminal device; and in a case that the terminal device belongs to a first terminal group, determining the first information, where the first information is for determining a first application server for a terminal device in the first terminal group. Based on the foregoing technical solution, a same edge application server can be determined for terminal devices that access a same (specific) service and that are located in a specific area location.

Abstract: An edge service obtaining method includes that a server discovery function network element receives a plurality of DNS response messages sent by a DNS server, where the plurality of DNS response messages includes address information of EASs to be queried by a terminal device; and determines, based on first indication information, to send a DNS information report to a first core network element once for the plurality of DNS response messages.

Abstract: This disclosure provides a data sending method and apparatus, and a device, and pertains to the field of communications technologies. An example method includes: receiving an uplink data packet sent by UE; if a signaling message is carried in the uplink data packet, separating the signaling message from the uplink data packet, where the signaling message is used to request to establish a PDU session or request to activate an established PDU session; forwarding the signaling message to a control plane device; and before an available PDU session exists, forwarding, based on a data forwarding message carried in the uplink data packet sent by the UE, data in the uplink data packet sent by the UE.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present disclosure provide a method. According to the method, a mark is added to a data packet. After user equipment is handed over from an original device to a target device, and before a user plane network element receives a handover notification, the user plane network element sends, through a path used before handover, a data packet that carries a first mark to the original device. The original device modifies the first mark in the data packet to a second mark, and then forwards, to the target device, a data packet whose mark is modified and that carries the second mark. After receiving the handover notification, the user plane network element sends, to the target device, a data packet that carries a fourth mark. The target device can distinguish between sources of the received data packets based on different marks in the received data packets.

Abstract: Embodiments of this application provide an information verification method, apparatus, and device. The method includes: sending a first message to a server that includes a target domain name and first indication information, which indicates a status of first verification information stored in a client, the first verification information is verification information generated based on multiple domain names and owner information of the multiple domain names, the first verification information verifies the owner information of the multiple domain names, and the multiple domain names include a target domain name; receiving a second message sent by the server based on the first message, where the second message indicates target first verification information, which is used by the client to verify owner information of the target domain name; and verifying the obtained owner information of the target domain name based on the second message.

Abstract: A driving device includes a motor and a control unit for controlling of the motor. The motor includes a motor body and an end cap assembly disposed at one end of the motor body. The motor body comprises a stator, a rotor rotatable relative to the stator, and a motor shaft fixed to and rotated with the rotor. The end cap assembly is provided with two brushes. The control unit includes two connectors for connecting with an external power source. The two brushes are respectively electrically connected to the connectors through the control unit. Lengths of connecting routes of the two brushes to the corresponding connectors are substantially equal to each other.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present disclosure provide a method. According to the method, a mark is added to a data packet. After user equipment is handed over from an original device to a target device, and before a user plane network element receives a handover notification, the user plane network element sends, through a path used before handover, a data packet that carries a first mark to the original device. The original device modifies the first mark in the data packet to a second mark, and then forwards, to the target device, a data packet whose mark is modified and that carries the second mark. After receiving the handover notification, the user plane network element sends, to the target device, a data packet that carries a fourth mark. The target device can distinguish between sources of the received data packets based on different marks in the received data packets.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present application provide a data transmission method and a communications apparatus. A Hypertext Transfer Protocol version 2 HTTP/2 adaptation layer is configured between an application layer and a Multipath Transmission Control Protocol MPTCP layer of a protocol stack. All frames belonging to a same HTTP/2 stream are allocated to a same MPTCP subflow for transmission, so that a data throughput is large, and system robustness is good, thereby improving HTTP/2 stream transmission performance.

Abstract: Embodiments of this application provide a method and an apparatus for establishing a blockchain node connection, and a device. The method is applied to a blockchain system, and includes: A first node obtains address information of a second node from a first router. The first router and the first node are located in a first autonomous system. The second node is located in a second autonomous system. The first autonomous system and the second autonomous system are neighboring autonomous systems. The first node establishes a connection to the second node based on the address information of the second node. This improves blockchain communication security.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention relate to the field of communications technologies, and provide an IP address management method and apparatus, an IP address anchor, and a mobile node. The method includes: when detecting that a mobile node (MN) accesses an IP subnet on which an IP address anchor is located, obtaining, by the IP address anchor, a valid IP address prefix being used by the MN; and sending, by the IP address anchor, switchover indication information to the MN according to the valid IP address prefix, so that the MN determines, according to the switchover indication information, whether the accessed IP subnet has changed. The present invention resolves a prior-art problem that an MN cannot determine whether an IP subnet accessed by the MN has changed, thereby achieving a technical effect that an MN can accurately determine whether an IP subnet accessed by the MN has changed.

Abstract: This disclosure provides a data sending method and apparatus, and a device, and pertains to the field of communications technologies. An example method includes: receiving an uplink data packet sent by UE; if a signaling message is carried in the uplink data packet, separating the signaling message from the uplink data packet, where the signaling message is used to request to establish a PDU session or request to activate an established PDU session; forwarding the signaling message to a control plane device; and before an available PDU session exists, forwarding, based on a data forwarding message carried in the uplink data packet sent by the UE, data in the uplink data packet sent by the UE.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present application provide a service flow processing method, an apparatus, and a device. In the embodiments of the present application, SFs are classified, and a specific instance is not selected for a stateless SF, which can effectively reduce a quantity of SFPs and a quantity of SFP IDs used to uniquely identify the SFPs, reduce signaling overheads required by a controller to configure an SFP for an SFF, and reduce storage space of each SFF for storing configuration information.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention provide an address management apparatus, system, and method for communication over the Multipath Transmission Control Protocol (MTCP). A processing module allocates a corresponding internet protocol (IP) address to each MPTCP session, where the MPTCP session is an MPTCP session between a first host and a second host, the first host is the host supporting MPTCP, and the second host is the host not supporting MPTCP, and when the MPTCP session is terminated, the processing module releases the corresponding IP address allocated to the MPTCP session. A transceiver module sets up the MPTCP session according to the IP address.