Abstract: Medical detectors and medical imaging devices are provided. In one aspect, a medical detector includes: a photoelectric conversion device, a first crystal array layer disposed over the photoelectric conversion device, and a second crystal array layer disposed over the first crystal layer. The first crystal array layer includes a plurality of first scintillation crystals arranged in a first crystal array, and a first coupling medium being filled between every adjacent two of the first scintillation crystals. The second crystal array layer includes a plurality of second scintillation crystals arranged in a second crystal array, and a second coupling medium being filled between every adjacent two of the second scintillation crystals. A light transmittance of the second coupling medium is different from a light transmittance of the first coupling medium.

Abstract: A crystal array, a detector, a medical detection device and a method for manufacturing a crystal array are provided. The crystal array includes a plurality of crystals arranged in an array, each of the crystals having a light incident surface, a light exit surface, and a connection surface connecting the light incident surface to the light exit surface, where the connection surface of at least one of two adjacent crystals includes a rough surface and a smooth surface connected to the rough surface, and the rough surface and the smooth surface are arranged along a length direction of the crystal.

Abstract: Medical detectors and medical imaging devices are provided. In one aspect, a medical detector includes: a photoelectric conversion device, a first crystal array layer disposed over the photoelectric conversion device, and a second crystal array layer disposed over the first crystal layer. The first crystal array layer includes a plurality of first scintillation crystals arranged in a first crystal array, and a first coupling medium being filled between every adjacent two of the first scintillation crystals. The second crystal array layer includes a plurality of second scintillation crystals arranged in a second crystal array, and a second coupling medium being filled between every adjacent two of the second scintillation crystals. A light transmittance of the second coupling medium is different from a light transmittance of the first coupling medium.

Abstract: A crystal array, a detector, a medical detection device and a method for manufacturing a crystal array are provided. The crystal array includes a plurality of crystals arranged in an array, each of the crystals having a light incident surface, a light exit surface, and a connection surface connecting the light incident surface to the light exit surface, where the connection surface of at least one of two adjacent crystals includes a rough surface and a smooth surface connected to the rough surface, and the rough surface and the smooth surface are arranged along a length direction of the crystal.

Abstract: A scheme for generating, transmitting and receiving dual-polarization asymmetric single sideband photonic vector signal at millimeter wave spectral region is described. At a transmitter, information bits to be transmitted are modulated using a vector modulation technique to generate a baseband signal. The baseband signal is converted into its single sideband (SSB) version using a complex frequency source having a first frequency. Two IQ signals are generated using an integrated dual polarization IQ modulator. The I/Q modulator is driven by a laser source at frequency fc. The resulting signal is transmitter over an optical transmission medium and/or a multi-input, multi-output over the air antenna configuration, upconverted by a single-ended photodiode to a desired radio-frequency (RF) carrier frequency.

Abstract: A scheme for generating asymmetric single sideband photonic vector signal at millimeter wave spectral region is described. At a transmitter, information bits to be transmitted are modulated using a vector modulation technique to generate a baseband signal. The baseband signal is converted into its single sideband (SSB) version using a complex frequency source having a first frequency. The real part of the upconverted signal is added to the real part of a second frequency source and is input as I component to an I/Q modulator. The imaginary part of the upconverted signal is added to the imaginary part of the second frequency source and is used as the Q component. The I/Q modulator is driven by a laser source at frequency fc. The resulting signal is transmitter over an optical transmission medium and upconverted by a single-ended photodiode to a desired radio-frequency (RF) carrier frequency.

Abstract: An exemplary technique of optical signal transmission in which modulated optical signals are generated using photonic heterodyne beating and operating a digital to analog converter at baseband includes receiving information bits, modulating the information bits to generate a precoded vector signal at baseband, generating, using photonic heterodyne beating, from the precoded vector signal at baseband, a precoded vector signal at an upconverted frequency, and transmitting the precoded vector signal at the upconverted frequency on the optical communication network.

Abstract: An optical signal transmitter produces optical signals comprising QAM modulated vector signals generated using a single external electro-optical modulator operated in conjunction with a wavelength selective switch. The transmission processing achieves adaptive photonic frequency multiplication and comprises QAM modulated signals with high order constellations such as 8-QAM, 16-QAM, 32-QAM and 64-QAM.

Abstract: A novel and simple photonic vector signal generation scheme at radio frequency (RF) bands enabled by a single-drive Mach-Zehnder modulator (MZM)-based optical carrier suppression (OCS) without precoding techniques and optical filter, which can reduce the complexity of transmitter digital signal processing (DSP), is described. The generation and reception of 16/20/22-Gbaud quadrature-phase-shift-keying (QPSK) vector signals at 16/20/22 GHz are experimentally demonstrated, respectively. The measured bit-error ratio for 16G-baud QPSK vector signals after transmitting over 10-km standard single mode fiber (SSMF) can be under 7% hard-decision forward-error-correction (HD-FEC) threshold of 3.8×10?3. Moreover, compared to the conventional precoding scheme, the receiver sensitivity can be enhanced by 4 dB at both back-to-back (BTB) and after 10-km SSMF transmission cases, which demonstrates the feasibility of this technique, and show its potential promising application in radio over fiber (RoF) system.

Abstract: An optical signal transmitter produces optical signals comprising QAM modulated vector signals generated using a single external electro-optical modulator operated in conjunction with a wavelength selective switch. The transmission processing achieves adaptive photonic frequency multiplication and comprises QAM modulated signals with high order constellations such as 8-QAM, 16-QAM, and 64-QAM.

Abstract: A scheme for generating, transmitting and receiving dual-polarization asymmetric single sideband photonic vector signal at millimeter wave spectral region is described. At a transmitter, information bits to be transmitted are modulated using a vector modulation technique to generate a baseband signal. The baseband signal is converted into its single sideband (SSB) version using a complex frequency source having a first frequency. Two IQ signals are generated using an integrated dual polarization IQ modulator. The I/Q modulator is driven by a laser source at frequency fc. The resulting signal is transmitter over an optical transmission medium and/or a multi-input, multi-output over the air antenna configuration, upconverted by a single-ended photodiode to a desired radio-frequency (RF) carrier frequency.

Abstract: A scheme for generating asymmetric single sideband photonic vector signal at millimeter wave spectral region is described. At a transmitter, information bits to be transmitted are modulated using a vector modulation technique to generate a baseband signal. The baseband signal is converted into its single sideband (SSB) version using a complex frequency source having a first frequency. The real part of the upconverted signal is added to the real part of a second frequency source and is input as I component to an I/Q modulator. The imaginary part of the upconverted signal is added to the imaginary part of the second frequency source and is used as the Q component. The I/Q modulator is driven by a laser source at frequency fc. The resulting signal is transmitter over an optical transmission medium and upconverted by a single-ended photodiode to a desired radio-frequency (RF) carrier frequency.

Abstract: An exemplary technique of optical signal transmission in which modulated optical signals are generated using photonic heterodyne beating and operating a digital to analog converter at baseband includes receiving information bits, modulating the information bits to generate a precoded vector signal at baseband, generating, using photonic heterodyne beating, from the precoded vector signal at baseband, a precoded vector signal at an upconverted frequency, and transmitting the precoded vector signal at the upconverted frequency on the optical communication network.

Abstract: A novel and simple photonic vector signal generation scheme at radio frequency (RF) bands enabled by a single-drive Mach-Zehnder modulator (MZM)-based optical carrier suppression (OCS) without precoding techniques and optical filter, which can reduce the complexity of transmitter digital signal processing (DSP), is described. The generation and reception of 16/20/22-Gbaud quadrature-phase-shift-keying (QPSK) vector signals at 16/20/22 GHz are experimentally demonstrated, respectively. The measured bit-error ratio for 16 G-baud QPSK vector signals after transmitting over 10-km standard single mode fiber (SSMF) can be under 7% hard-decision forward-error-correction (HD-FEC) threshold of 3.8×10?3. Moreover, compared to the conventional precoding scheme, the receiver sensitivity can be enhanced by 4 dB at both back-to-back (BTB) and after 10-km SSMF transmission cases, which demonstrates the feasibility of this technique, and show its potential promising application in radio over fiber (RoF) system.

Abstract: An optical signal transmitter produces optical signals comprising QAM modulated vector signals generated using a single external electro-optical modulator operated in conjunction with a wavelength selective switch. The transmission processing achieves adaptive photonic frequency multiplication and comprises QAM modulated signals with high order constellations such as 8-QAM, 16-QAM, 32-QAM and 64-QAM.

Abstract: An optical signal transmitter produces optical signals comprising QAM modulated vector signals generated using a single external electro-optical modulator operated in conjunction with a wavelength selective switch. The transmission processing achieves adaptive photonic frequency multiplication and comprises QAM modulated signals with high order constellations such as 8-QAM, 16-QAM, and 64-QAM.