Abstract: A method for providing recommendations to a user includes assigning one or more item tags from a known set of tags to one or more items of a plurality of items; assigning one or more user tags from the known set of tags to a user; determining at least one taste cluster having one or more cluster tags from the known set of tags, wherein the taste cluster shares at least one shared tag with the one or more user tags and with the one or more item tags; affiliating at least one item of the plurality of items with the taste cluster based on the shared tag; affiliating the user with the taste cluster based on the shared tag; and presenting to the user at least one presented item of the plurality of items affiliated with the taste cluster.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present disclosure relate to the field of data security, and a file signature system and method are disclosed. The system includes: an encryption server, configured to store an encryption key; and a signature client, configured to: generate an encrypted message according to a to-be-encrypted file, and send the generated encrypted message to the encryption server, where the encryption server is configured to: after receiving the encrypted message, generate a hash according to the encryption key, and send the hash back to the signature client; and the signature client is configured to sign the to-be-encrypted file according to the hash. By means of the foregoing solution, key exposure can be effectively avoided by storing an encryption key through an encryption server, thereby improving signature safety.