Abstract: A hybrid lithium-ion battery/capacitor cell (10) comprising at least a pair of graphite anodes (14,18) assembled with a lithium compound cathode (12) and an activated carbon capacitor electrode (16) can provide useful power performance properties and low temperature properties required for many power-utilizing applications. The initial formation of the graphite anodes (14,18) of this hybrid cell (10) combination is enhanced by including particles of a selected lithium compound with the activated carbon particles used in forming the capacitor electrode(16). The composition of the lithium compound is selected to produce lithium ions in the liquid electrolyte of the assembled cell (10) to enhance the in-situ lithiation of the graphite particles of the anodes (14,18) during formation cycles of the assembled hybrid cell (10).

Abstract: Lithium-utilizing electrochemical cells, providing hybrid battery and capacitor activity, are formed of one or more lithium battery anodes, optionally also including a capacitor electrode, and one or more lithium battery cathodes, optionally with a capacitor electrode, provided that there is at least one capacitor electrode in the hybrid cell and that there are an equal number of electrodes of opposing charge. The respective electrodes are formed of porous layers of one of lithium anode material particles, lithium cathode material particles, or compatible capacitor material particles, formed on one or both sides of a compatible current collector foil. The amounts of active battery and capacitor particles are managed by the thickness of the porous coating layers, and one-side or two-side electrode coatings, to balance the capacities of the battery and capacitor particles to accept and release lithium ions during repeated charging and discharging of the hybrid cell.

Abstract: Lithium-utilizing electrochemical cells, providing battery and hybrid-capacitor activity, are formed of one or more lithium battery anodes, one or more lithium battery cathodes, and one or more positive-charge or negative-charge hybrid capacitor electrodes which are formed of a combination of capacitor particles with one of anode or cathode particles. The anode and cathodes are formed of porous layers of particles of anode or cathode material, bonded to each side of a current collector foil. The hybrid capacitor electrodes are formed of porous layers of capacitor particles, mixed or layered with anode or capacitor particles, bonded to each side of a current collector foil. The compositions of the hybrid capacitors are determined to balance the capacities of the electrodes in the lithium-ion electrochemical cell to intercalate or adsorb lithium cations and corresponding anions in the electrolyte infiltrating the pores of the electrode materials.

Abstract: Provided are capacitor-assisted lithium batteries (CAB), comprising an electrolyte comprising one or more lithium salts, and one or more sulfone molecules, wherein the one or more sulfone molecules comprise sulfolane, a substituted sulfolane, and/or a substituted SO2. The electrolyte may further include one or more solvents. The sulfone-based electrolyte inhibits or prevents undesired gas generation.

Abstract: Lithium-utilizing electrochemical cells, providing hybrid battery and capacitor activity, are formed of one or more lithium battery anodes, one or more lithium battery cathodes, and with at least one capacitor electrode in the cell, with an equal number of electrodes with opposing charges. The respective electrodes are formed of porous layers of one of lithium anode material particles, lithium cathode material particles, or compatible capacitor material particles, formed on both sides of a compatible current collector foil. The capacity and durability of the hybrid cell is enhanced when through-holes are formed through selected electrodes, or through the current collector foils of selected electrodes, to enhance the flow of a non-aqueous liquid electrolyte solution, with its lithium cations and associated anions, to reach both sides of the closely spaced, separated, electrodes in an assembled and operating lithium battery/capacitor hybrid cell.

Abstract: Lithium-utilizing electrochemical cells, providing hybrid battery and capacitor activity, are formed of one or more lithium battery anodes, optionally also including a capacitor electrode, and one or more lithium battery cathodes, optionally with a capacitor electrode, provided that there is at least one capacitor electrode in the hybrid cell and that there are an equal number of electrodes of opposing charge. The respective electrodes are formed of porous layers of one of lithium anode material particles, lithium cathode material particles, or compatible capacitor material particles, formed on one or both sides of a compatible current collector foil. The amounts of active battery and capacitor particles are managed by the thickness of the porous coating layers, and one-side or two-side electrode coatings, to balance the capacities of the battery and capacitor particles to accept and release lithium ions during repeated charging and discharging of the hybrid cell.

Abstract: A reaction vessel in the form of a box is sized to closely contain electrode elements or core cell elements of a lithium-based or sodium-based battery or capacitor for contacting of the electrode material, placed in the reaction vessel, with a flowing gaseous stream of an inert carrier gas and vapor of an organic solvent of water for removing residual water from the porous electrode material elements which are to be infiltrated with a non-aqueous electrolyte solution. Complementary equipment is provided for delivering the gaseous stream to the reaction vessel with predetermined portions of carrier gas and organic vapor at a predetermined temperature, pressure, and flow rate.

Abstract: Lithium-utilizing electrochemical cells, providing battery and hybrid-capacitor activity, are formed of one or more lithium battery anodes, one or more lithium battery cathodes, and one or more positive-charge or negative-charge hybrid capacitor electrodes which are formed of a combination of capacitor particles with one of anode or cathode particles. The anode and cathodes are formed of porous layers of particles of anode or cathode material, bonded to each side of a current collector foil. The hybrid capacitor electrodes are formed of porous layers of capacitor particles, mixed or layered with anode or capacitor particles, bonded to each side of a current collector foil. The compositions of the hybrid capacitors are determined to balance the capacities of the electrodes in the lithium-ion electrochemical cell to intercalate or adsorb lithium cations and corresponding anions in the electrolyte infiltrating the pores of the electrode materials.