Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatus, including computer programs encoded on computer storage media, for satisfiability solving for Boolean formulas. One of the methods includes receiving a request to determine whether an input Boolean formula is satisfiable according to a set of satisfiability criteria; processing the input Boolean formula using a formula model that is configured to receive, as input, the input Boolean formula, and to generate, as output, a satisfiability probability distribution over assignments of values to the literals in the clauses of the input Boolean formula; determining whether the input Boolean formula is satisfiable; sampling, using the satisfiability probability distribution, an assignment of values to the literals in the clauses of the input Boolean formula, and determining whether the assignment of values satisfies the set of satisfiability criteria.