Abstract: During operation, a computer system may receive, from an electronic device, a login request, where the login request includes or specifies an authentication realm in a network. Then, the computer system may compute whether the authentication realm at least partially matches a predefined authentication realm in the network, where the predefined authentication realm in the network includes at least one wildcard element, and where the partial match is for elements in the predefined authentication realm other than the at least one wildcard element. When there is a partial match, the computer system may provide, to a second computer system, an authentication request based at least in part on the login request. Next, the computer system may receive, from the second computer system, an authentication response. When the authentication response indicates successful authentication, the computer system may provide, to the electronic device, a login response.

Abstract: During operation, a computer system may receive, from an electronic device, a login request, where the login request includes or specifies an authentication realm in a network. Then, the computer system may compute whether the authentication realm at least partially matches a predefined authentication realm in the network, where the predefined authentication realm in the network includes at least one wildcard element, and where the partial match is for elements in the predefined authentication realm other than the at least one wildcard element. When there is a partial match, the computer system may provide, to a second computer system, an authentication request based at least in part on the login request. Next, the computer system may receive, from the second computer system, an authentication response. When the authentication response indicates successful authentication, the computer system may provide, to the electronic device, a login response.

Abstract: An audio system includes a reference voltage generation circuit to generate a digital encoding signal and generate an analog reference voltage according to the digital encoding signal, wherein, during a booting procedure and/or a shutdown procedure, the analog reference voltage is smoothly increased and/or decreased at a smooth rate related to a bit number of the digital encoding signal; a first analog operational amplifier for receiving the analog reference voltage to generate a common voltage, which is smoothly increased and/or decreased during the booting procedure and/or the shutdown procedure; and a differential analog operational amplifier pair, coupled to the first analog operational amplifier, for receiving a differential audio input signal pair and outputting a differential output voltage pair to drive a load, wherein, during the booting procedure and/or the shutdown procedure, the differential audio output signal pair is smoothly increased and/or decreased.