Abstract: Provided are an artifact removal method and apparatus based on machine learning (ML), and a method and apparatus for training an artifact removal model based on ML, in the field of artificial intelligence (AI). In the method, artifacts that may be generated in a process of compressing a video is preprocessed and removed by using an artifact removal model having a residual learning capability.

Abstract: Provided are an artifact removal method and apparatus based on machine learning (ML), and a method and apparatus for training an artifact removal model based on ML, in the field of artificial intelligence (AI). In the method, artifacts that may be generated in a process of compressing a video is preprocessed and removed by using an artifact removal model having a residual learning capability.

Abstract: Systems, methods, and computer-readable media are disclosed for optimizing terms of a long-term contract between a buyer and a seller for a product. Various types of forecasting models may be generated and used to determine the optimized terms such as an optimized price for the long-term contract. A risk model may be generated and evaluated to identify market disruptions that indicate that the optimized price should be re-negotiated to distribute the associated risk between the buyer and seller. An example of such a market disruption may be a market price fluctuation that causes a difference between a spot market price for the product and a contract price to meet or exceed a threshold value.