Abstract: Methods for extending the service life of a CMP pad dresser having a substrate and a plurality of superabrasive particles disposed thereon which is used to dress a CMP pad are disclosed and described. The method may include dressing the chemical mechanical polishing pad with the dresser; determining superabrasive particle wear by measuring a mechanical property of the pad, dresser, or combination thereof; and responding to the mechanical property measurement by varying pressure and RPM between the pad and the dresser in relation to the superabrasive particle wear in order to extend dresser life.

Abstract: A method for improving surface mechanical properties of non-austenitic stainless steels comprises steps of: providing a non-austenitic stainless steel material; placing the non-austenitic stainless steel material in an environment containing at least one austenite-stabilizing element, and implanting the austenite-stabilizing elements into a surface of the non-austenitic stainless steel material to form a modified layer enriched with the austenite-stabilizing elements; and placing the non-austenitic stainless steel material in a carbon-bearing atmosphere to make the modified layer in contact with the carbon-bearing atmosphere, and maintaining the non-austenitic stainless steel material at a carburizing temperature below 600° C. to implant carbon into the modified layer to form a carburized layer.

Abstract: A torque converter including: a membrane forming a portion of a release chamber for the clutch; a friction plate for a torque converter clutch, the plate rotationally connected to a turbine hub and disposed within the release chamber; and a damper element rotationally connected to the turbine hub and to the torque converter clutch. In lock-up mode for the converter, the plate is arranged to transmit torque to the turbine hub. The torque converter includes cooling fluid and a torus and the clutch further comprises friction material and in some aspects, during the lock-up mode, the release chamber is sealed except for a flow of the cooling fluid from the release chamber through the friction material to the torus. The plate includes oppositely disposed first and second radial surfaces and during a torque converter mode for the torque converter, respective pressures on the first and second surfaces are substantially equal.

Abstract: A wet clutch having friction surfaces, where at least one friction surface consists of a porous friction lining with essentially flat surface placed on a supporting part. In order to achieve better cooling of the friction lining and supporting part and of the opposing friction surface by means of cooling oil pressed through the porous friction lining under pressure, the friction lining is provided with at least one cut-out.

Abstract: A wearable electronic device with an automatic rechargeable function includes a rechargeable battery, a base, a cover, a magnet slidably connected to inside of the base, and a converting circuit. The cover is engaged with the base, and includes at least one conducting winding electrically connected to the rechargeable battery. When the wearable electronic device is moved to drive the magnet to slide inside of the base, the magnetic flux density passing through the at least one conducting winding is changed, causing an induction current to be generated. The converting circuit is able to convert the induction current to direct current.

Abstract: Methods for extending the service life of a CMP pad dresser having a substrate and a plurality of superabrasive particles disposed thereon which is used to dress a CMP pad are disclosed and described. The method may include dressing the chemical mechanical polishing pad with the dresser; determining superabrasive particle wear by measuring a mechanical property of the pad, dresser, or combination thereof; and responding to the mechanical property measurement by varying pressure and RPM between the pad and the dresser in relation to the superabrasive particle wear in order to extend dresser life.

Abstract: Methods and systems for removing dirt and/or debris from a CMP pad surface during CMP pad processing are provided. In one aspect, a method for removing debris from a CMP pad surface during CMP processing can include rotating a CMP pad having a polishing surface, and pressing a CMP pad dresser into the polishing surface of the CMP pad, the CMP pad dresser having a plurality of superabrasive particles coupled thereto and oriented toward the CMP pad. The method can further include spraying a jet of liquid onto the polishing surface of the CMP pad with sufficient force to dislodge debris from the polishing surface of the CMP pad.

Abstract: Methods for extending the service life of a CMP pad dresser having a substrate and a plurality of superabrasive particles disposed thereon which is used to dress a CMP pad are disclosed and described. The method may include dressing the chemical mechanical polishing pad with the dresser; determining superabrasive particle wear by measuring a mechanical property of the pad, dresser, or combination thereof; and responding to the mechanical property measurement by varying pressure and RPM between the pad and the dresser in relation to the superabrasive particle wear in order to extend dresser life.

Abstract: Methods for extending the service life of a CMP pad dresser having a substrate and a plurality of superabrasive particles disposed thereon which is used to dress a CMP pad are disclosed and described. The method may include dressing the chemical mechanical polishing pad with the dresser; determining superabrasive particle wear by measuring a mechanical property of the pad, dresser, or combination thereof; and responding to the mechanical property measurement by varying pressure and RPM between the pad and the dresser in relation to the superabrasive particle wear in order to extend dresser life.

Abstract: A wet clutch having friction surfaces, where at least one friction surface consists of a porous friction lining with essentially flat surface placed on a supporting part. In order to achieve better cooling of the friction lining and supporting part and of the opposing friction surface by means of cooling oil pressed through the porous friction lining under pressure, the friction lining is provided with at least one cut-out.

Abstract: Methods for extending the service life of a CMP pad dresser having a substrate and a plurality of superabrasive particles disposed thereon which is used to dress a CMP pad are disclosed and described. Generally, the method may include dressing the chemical mechanical polishing pad with the dresser and varying pressure between the pad and the dresser in relation to superabrasive particle wear, such that the dresser life is extended.

Abstract: A torque converter including: a carrier for a torque converter clutch, the carrier rotationally connected to a turbine shell; an apply chamber for the clutch; and a first pressure chamber in fluid communication with a second pressure chamber and a torus. Pressure in the apply chamber is controlled independent of pressure in the first and second pressure chambers. A torque converter including: a turbine hub rotationally connected to a turbine shell and a cover plate for a damper assembly; and a clutch arranged to rotationally connect the turbine hub to a cover. A torque converter including: a first cover plate for a damper assembly, the first cover plate rotationally connected to a turbine hub and a torque converter clutch; and a second cover plate for a damper assembly, the second cover rotationally connected to the turbine hub and the torque converter clutch.

Abstract: A torque converter including: a membrane forming a portion of a release chamber for the clutch; a friction plate for a torque converter clutch, the plate rotationally connected to a turbine hub and disposed within the release chamber; and a damper element rotationally connected to the turbine hub and to the torque converter clutch. In lock-up mode for the converter, the plate is arranged to transmit torque to the turbine hub. The torque converter includes cooling fluid and a torus and the clutch further comprises friction material and in some aspects, during the lock-up mode, the release chamber is sealed except for a flow of the cooling fluid from the release chamber through the friction material to the torus. The plate includes oppositely disposed first and second radial surfaces and during a torque converter mode for the torque converter, respective pressures on the first and second surfaces are substantially equal.

Abstract: An exercise tolerance measurement method for sufferers of chronic obstructive airway disease is established with the aid of a wireless transmission system and the Internet. The exercise tolerance measurement method provides sufferers of chronic obstructive airway disease with personal homely rehabilitation exercises and real-time on-line diagnosis policy according to the conditions of the sufferers. More importantly, the conditions of the sufferers can be monitored immediately via the Internet by the present measurement method. In the case of any emergency, the claimed method notifies the sufferers or the physician to supply instant medical treatment to the sufferers.

Abstract: A replaceable superabrasive tool insert for use in an abrading tool body includes an attachable shank, having a working end and an attachment end. At least one superabrasive particle is individually attached to the shank at the working end of the shank to provide an abrading interface between the shank and a work piece to be abraded. The attachment end of the shank is configured to be removably attached to the abrading tool body.