Abstract: A lithium addition system includes: a lithium addition head configured to receive a filament of lithium; and a fill control module configured to: identify a defect in a layer of lithium; actuate an actuator and move the lithium addition head to a location of the defect and vertically above the defect; and apply one of power and energy to the filament thereby (a) at least one of softening, melting, and deforming the filament and (b) depositing lithium from the filament into the defect in the layer of lithium.

Abstract: A method for coating a web with a metal layer includes heating a metal in a container to create molten metal. The metal is selected from a group consisting of lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K), indium (In), tin (Sn), cadmium (Cd), zinc (Zn), and lead (Pb). The method includes coating at least one surface of a web with a metal layer using the molten metal. The web is made of a material selected from a group consisting of copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), titanium (Ti), stainless steel, polymer, and carbon.