Abstract: A processor derives a plurality of unit density values which are each an average value of sensed densities for each of a plurality of unit areas sectioned for each unit length in a test toner image. The processor derives a weighted average of the plurality of unit density values to derive a test image density used for adjusting a control parameter in a printing portion. The unit length is a greatest common factor of two target lengths corresponding to perimeters of two types of target rotating members out of the plurality of rotating members. When a number of the plurality of unit areas is represented by n, n is a value obtained by subtracting 1 from an added value of a first constant and a second constant. The first constant and the second constant are values obtained by respectively dividing the two target lengths by the unit length.

Abstract: A toner concentration sensing apparatus includes a first acquisition processing portion, a second acquisition processing portion, and a third acquisition processing portion. The first acquisition processing portion acquires a first sensing value corresponding to light reflected by a first region of an image-carrying member where a toner image is not formed. The second acquisition processing portion acquires a second sensing value corresponding to light reflected by a second region of the image-carrying member where a toner image has been formed. The third acquisition processing portion acquires a component ratio of a component in the second sensing value, that corresponds to light reflected by toner adhered onto a surface of the image-carrying member, using a specific calculation formula determined based on a first relational expression based on the first sensing value and a second relational expression not based on the first sensing value, and the second sensing value.

Abstract: A polyester carbonate resin is provided and includes a constituent unit represented by the following general formula (1), a constituent unit represented by the following general formula (2), and a constituent unit represented by the following general formula (3): wherein R represents hydrogen or an alkyl group containing 1 to 4 carbon atoms, wherein Q represents the following: wherein n and m each independently represent an integer of 0 to 5, and

Abstract: A resin composition contains: a resin containing a constituent unit (A) represented by general formula (1); and a resin containing a constituent unit (B) represented by formula (2) and/or a constituent unit (C) represented by formula (3). (R1 represents a methyl group or an ethyl group, R2 and R3 represent a hydrogen atom or a methyl group, and n represents 0 or 1.) (Ra and Rb represent a hydrogen atom, etc., Rh represents an aryl group of 6-20 carbons, X represents a single bond or a fluorene group, A and B represent an alkylene group of 1-4 carbons, m and n represent integers 0-6, and a and b represent integers 0-10.) (Rc and Rd represent a hydrogen atom, etc., Y represents a fluorene group, A and B represent an alkylene group of 1-4 carbons, p and q represent integers 0-4, and a and b represent integers 0-10.

Abstract: Provided is a thermoplastic resin having a constituent unit represented by the following general formula (I): wherein R1 represents a hydrocarbon group containing 1 to 6 carbon atoms, and R2 and R3 each independently represent a hydrogen atom or a methyl group.

Abstract: Provided is a polyester carbonate resin having a constituent unit (I) represented by the following general formula (1), a constituent unit (II) represented by the following general formula (2), and a constituent unit (III) represented by the following general formula (3): wherein, in the above formula (1), R1 to R3 each independently represent a hydrogen atom, a methyl group or an ethyl group, and in the above formula (2), Q represents a divalent linking group.

Abstract: An automobile component including a molded article containing a copolymerized polyester resin synthesized from a hydroxycarboxylic acid monomer, a diol monomer, and a dicarboxylic acid/ester monomer and having a unit (A) of formula (1), a diol unit (B), and a unit (C) derived from a dicarboxylic acid or an ester-forming derivative of the dicarboxylic acid. A content of the unit (A) in the total units of the copolymerized polyester resin is 60 to 90 mol %, The formula (1) is where R1 is a hydrogen atom, CH3, or C2H5, R2 and R3 are each independently a hydrogen atom or CH3, and n is 0 or 1.

Abstract: A polyester carbonate resin is provided and includes a constituent unit represented by the following general formula (1), a constituent unit represented by the following general formula (2), and a constituent unit represented by the following general formula (3): wherein R represents hydrogen or an alkyl group containing 1 to 4 carbon atoms, wherein Q represents the following: wherein n and m each independently represent an integer of 0 to 5, and

Abstract: Optical films comprising a polyester resin comprising a structural unit (A) of the following formula (1) wherein the content of the structural unit (A) based on the total structural units of the polyester resin is 76 mol % or greater: wherein R1 is a hydrogen atom, CH3, or C2H5; R2 and R3 is each independently a hydrogen atom or CH3; and n is 1, for example, Decahydro-1,4:5,8-dimethanonaphthalene-2-methoxycarbonyl-6(7)-methanol. Retardation films and circularly or elliptically polarizing plates comprising the optical films are also provided.

Abstract: A polyester resin composition containing: a polyester resin containing a unit (A) represented by the following general formula (1); and an antioxidant: wherein R1 is a hydrogen atom, CH3 or C2H5, R2 and R3 are each independently a hydrogen atom or CH3, and n is 0 or 1.

Abstract: An object is to provide an optical polyester film and a transparent conductive film that are superior in transparency, heat resistance, optical properties, and adhesion. The optical polyester film includes: a base material containing a polyester resin containing a unit (A) of the following formula (1); and at least one functional layer disposed on at least one surface of the base material, wherein the at least one functional layer is selected from the group consisting of a hard coat layer, a transparent conductive layer, an anti-reflection layer, a gas barrier layer, and an adhesive layer.

Abstract: An object is to provide an optical lens having low water-absorbing capacity and superior in heat resistance, transparency, and optical characteristics (refractive index, Abbe's number, and photoelastic coefficient). The optical lens includes a polyester resin containing a unit (A) of the following formula (1).

Abstract: A copolymerized polyester resin containing a unit (A) represented by the following formula (1), a diol unit (B), and a unit (C) derived from a dicarboxylic acid or an ester-forming derivative of the dicarboxylic acid, wherein a content of the unit (A) based on total units of the copolymerized polyester resin is 10 to 95 mol %, and the copolymerized polyester resin satisfies the following conditions (1) to (3): (1) a glass transition temperature of the copolymerized polyester resin is 90° C. or higher; (2) an amount of heat generated by the copolymerized polyester resin at cooling crystallization is 5 J/g or less; and (3) an absolute value of photoelastic coefficient of the copolymerized polyester resin is 40×10?12 Pa?1 or less: wherein R1 is a hydrogen atom, CH3, or C2H5, R2 and R3 are each independently a hydrogen atom or CH3, and n is 0 or 1.

Abstract: A polyester resin having a diol constitutional unit and a dicarboxylic acid constitutional unit, wherein 20 to 100 mol % of the diol constitutional unit is a constitutional unit derived from a diol having a dinorbornane ring; a glass transition temperature of the polyester resin is 90° C. or higher; an amount of heat of a crystallization exothermic peak in temperature drop of the polyester resin is 5 J/g or less; and a yellow index (YI) value as measured by a reflection method according to JIS K 7103 is 10 or less.

Abstract: Provided is a molded article containing a copolymerized polyester resin having a unit (A) represented by the following formula (1), a diol unit (B), and a unit (C) derived from a dicarboxylic acid or an ester-forming derivative of the dicarboxylic acid, wherein a content of the unit (A) in the total units of the copolymerized polyester resin is 20 to 90 mol %, wherein R1 is a hydrogen atom, CH3, or C2H5, R2 and R3 are each independently a hydrogen atom or CH3, and n is 0 or 1.

Abstract: A copolymerized polyester resin containing a unit (A) represented by the following formula (1), a diol unit (B), and a unit (C) derived from a dicarboxylic acid or an ester-forming derivative of the dicarboxylic acid, wherein a content of the unit (A) based on total units of the copolymerized polyester resin is 10 to 95 mol %, and the copolymerized polyester resin satisfies the following conditions (1) to (3): (1) a glass transition temperature of the copolymerized polyester resin is 90° C. or higher; (2) an amount of heat generated by the copolymerized polyester resin at cooling crystallization is 5 J/g or less; and (3) an absolute value of photoelastic coefficient of the copolymerized polyester resin is 40×10?12 Pa?1 or less: wherein R1 is a hydrogen atom, CH3, or C2H5, R2 and R3 are each independently a hydrogen atom or CH3, and n is 0 or 1.

Abstract: An object is to provide: an optical film such as a retardation film, the optical film having a low photoelastic coefficient (superior optical characteristics) and being superior in heat resistance and transparency; and a polarizing plate including the film. The optical film contains a polyester resin containing a unit (A) of the following formula (1).

Abstract: An object is to provide an optical lens having low water-absorbing capacity and superior in heat resistance, transparency, and optical characteristics (refractive index, Abbe's number, and photoelastic coefficient). The optical lens includes a polyester resin containing a unit (A) of the following formula (1).

Abstract: An object is to provide an optical polyester film and a transparent conductive film that are superior in transparency, heat resistance, optical properties, and adhesion. The optical polyester film includes: a base material containing a polyester resin containing a unit (A) of the following formula (1); and at least one functional layer disposed on at least one surface of the base material, wherein the at least one functional layer is selected from the group consisting of a hard coat layer, a transparent conductive layer, an anti-reflection layer, a gas barrier layer, and an adhesive layer.

Abstract: A polyester resin according to the present invention comprises a constitutional unit represented by general formula (1): wherein R1 is a hydrogen atom, CH3, or C2H5; and R2 and R3 are each independently a hydrogen atom or CH3.