Abstract: A resin belt for an image forming apparatus includes a resin base layer containing a filler. The exposed area of the filler on an inner circumferential surface side of the resin base layer is 0.1% or less.

Abstract: A charging member includes a conductive base material; an elastic layer that is provided on the conductive base material and has a storage elastic modulus G of 5.0 MPa or less at 100 Hz; and a surface layer that is provided on the elastic layer, in which in a Cole-Cole plot obtained by measuring the charging member in a range of 1 MHz to 0.1 Hz by an alternating current impedance method, a resistance component Ra of a capacitive semicircle including 2.5 kHz is 6.3×104? or less.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes an electrophotographic photoreceptor having a friction coefficient of a surface of 0.8 or less; a charging device including a charging member that is in contact with and charges the surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor and includes a conductive base material, an elastic layer provided on the conductive base material and having a storage elastic modulus G of 5.0 MPa or less at 100 Hz, and a surface layer provided on the elastic layer; an electrostatic latent image forming device that forms an electrostatic latent image on the charged surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor; a developing device that develops the electrostatic latent image formed on the surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor to form a toner image by a developer containing a toner; and a transfer device that transfers the toner image to a surface of a recording medium.

Abstract: A charging member includes a conductive base material; an elastic layer that is provided on the conductive base material and has a storage elastic modulus G of 5.0 MPa or less at 100 Hz; and a surface layer that is provided on the elastic layer, in which in a Cole-Cole plot obtained by measuring the charging member in a range of 1 MHz to 0.1 Hz by an alternating current impedance method, a resistance component Ra of a capacitive semicircle including 2.5 kHz is 6.3×104? or less.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes an electrophotographic photoreceptor having a friction coefficient of a surface of 0.8 or less; a charging device including a charging member that is in contact with and charges the surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor and includes a conductive base material, an elastic layer provided on the conductive base material and having a storage elastic modulus G of 5.0 MPa or less at 100 Hz, and a surface layer provided on the elastic layer; an electrostatic latent image forming device that forms an electrostatic latent image on the charged surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor; a developing device that develops the electrostatic latent image formed on the surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor to form a toner image by a developer containing a toner; and a transfer device that transfers the toner image to a surface of a recording medium.

Abstract: A cleaning body includes a core and a foamed elastic layer spirally wound around an outer circumferential surface of the core from one end of the core to the other end. An end portion of a cell skeleton protruding from a surface of the foamed elastic layer has an equivalent circle diameter of 50 ?m or less. The foamed elastic layer has a spiral pitch R2 of 5 mm or less and a spiral angle ? of 15° or less.

Abstract: A charging member includes a conductive substrate, an elastic layer disposed on the conductive substrate, and a surface layer disposed on the elastic layer. Regarding the surface of the surface layer, in the axial direction, the ratio of the mean spacing of profile irregularities Sm to the ten-point mean roughness Rz and the reduced peak height Spk respectively satisfy 15?Sm/Rz?35 and Spk?5 ?m.

Abstract: A charging device includes: a charging member that charges an electrophotographic photoconductor by a contact charging method and includes a conductive substrate, an elastic layer provided on the conductive substrate, and a surface layer that is provided on the elastic layer and contains irregularities-forming particles that have a number particle size distribution with two or more maximum values when observed, from a surface of the surface layer, and a voltage application unit that applies, to the charging member, an AC voltage superimposed on a DC voltage.

Abstract: A charging device includes a charging roller and a cleaning roller that includes a core and a foamed elastic layer disposed on an outer circumferential surface of the core and that rotates in contact with a surface of the charging roller. The number of ends of a cell skeleton that protrude from a surface of the foamed elastic layer is 25 ends/mm2 or more and 50 ends/mm2 or less. The cleaning roller is disposed in contact with the charging roller such that the compression ratio of the foamed elastic layer is 30% or less. The compression ratio is represented by Equation (1): compression ratio (%)=(r1/2+r2/2?d)/t1×100??Equation (1): where r1 is the outer diameter (mm) of the cleaning roller, r2 is the outer diameter (mm) of the charging roller, d is the interaxial distance (mm) between the charging roller and the cleaning roller, and t1 is the thickness (mm) of the foamed elastic layer of the cleaning roller.

Abstract: A charging device includes: a charging member that charges an image holding member according to a contact charging method, and includes a conductive substrate and a surface layer provided on the conductive substrate; and a clean member that cleans the charging member while contacting the charging member, and includes a shaft and a foamed elastic layer provided on the shaft, wherein a ratio of a distance between irregularities in an axial direction of the surface layer in the charging member (Sm) to a width of a nodal section of a foam cell wall surface protruding from a surface of the foamed elastic layer in the clean member (W) satisfies 2.4?Sm/W?5.9.

Abstract: A charging member includes a conductive substrate, an elastic layer disposed on the conductive substrate, and a surface layer disposed on the elastic layer. Regarding the surface of the surface layer, in the axial direction, the ratio of the mean spacing of profile irregularities Sm to the ten-point mean roughness Rz and the reduced peak height Spk respectively satisfy 15?Sm/Rz?35 and Spk?5 ?m.

Abstract: A charging device includes: a charging member that charges an image holding member according to a contact charging method, and includes a conductive substrate and a surface layer provided on the conductive substrate; and a clean member that cleans the charging member while contacting the charging member, and includes a shaft and a foamed elastic layer provided on the shaft, wherein a ratio of a distance between irregularities in an axial direction of the surface layer in the charging member (Sm) to a width of a nodal section of a foam cell wall surface protruding from a surface of the foamed elastic layer in the clean member (W) satisfies 2.4?Sm/W?5.9.

Abstract: A cleaning member includes a shaft, and a foamed elastic layer that is disposed on an outer surface of the shaft and in which a relationship between a stress Pw generated by 70% compression deformation and a stress Ps generated by 10% compression deformation satisfies Pw/Ps?6.

Abstract: A cleaning body includes a shaft and an elastic layer disposed by being spirally wound around an outer circumferential surface of the shaft from one end to the other end of the shaft, wherein a relationship between line roughness of a protruding portion formed at an end portion of the elastic layer in a width direction (RaE) and line roughness of a center portion of the elastic layer in the width direction (RaV) satisfies 5?RaE/RaV.

Abstract: A cleaning member includes a shaft, and a foamed elastic layer that is disposed on an outer surface of the shaft and in which a relationship between a stress Pw generated by 70% compression deformation and a stress Ps generated by 10% compression deformation satisfies Pw/Ps?6.

Abstract: A charging member includes: a cylindrical or columnar conductive base material; and an elastic portion provided on the conductive base material, in which Re and Rc satisfy Re>Rc, where Re is an outer diameter of a charging member at a position of 5 mm from an axial end portion of an elastic portion, and Rc is the maximum value of an outer diameter of the charging member at an axial center of the elastic portion, and a cylindrical or columnar charging member has a value of Ac/Aa of 1.0 or less, in which Ac is the maximum amplitude value in a periodic region from 1.5 mm to 6 mm in a case of periodically analyzing a surface shape of the charging member in a circumferential direction, and Aa is the maximum amplitude value in a periodic region from 1.5 mm to 6 mm in a case of periodically analyzing a surface shape of the charging member in an axial direction.

Abstract: A charging member includes: a cylindrical or columnar conductive base material; and an elastic portion provided on the conductive base material, in which Re and Rc satisfy Re>Rc, where Re is an outer diameter of a charging member at a position of 5 mm from an axial end portion of an elastic portion, and Rc is the maximum value of an outer diameter of the charging member at an axial center of the elastic portion, and a cylindrical or columnar charging member has a value of Ac/Aa of 1.0 or less, in which Ac is the maximum amplitude value in a periodic region from 1.5 mm to 6 mm in a case of periodically analyzing a surface shape of the charging member in a circumferential direction, and Aa is the maximum amplitude value in a periodic region from 1.5 mm to 6 mm in a case of periodically analyzing a surface shape of the charging member in an axial direction.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes an image holding member, a charging device that charges a surface of the image holding member and includes a charging member disposed in contact with the surface of the image holding member, an exposure device that forms a latent image by exposing the charged surface, a developing device that forms a toner image by developing the latent image with toner, and a transfer device that transfers the toner image formed to a recording medium. An amplitude Af with a period Lf (mm) satisfying the formula (F?5)?(V/L)?(F+5) is 0.80 ?m or less where F is the natural frequency (Hz) of the exposure device, V is the rotational peripheral velocity (mm/s) of the charging member, and L is the period (mm) in analysis of the circumferential direction period of the surface shape of the charging member.

Abstract: A charging member includes a cylindrical, hollow or solid, electroconductive base member, and an elastic layer device disposed on the electroconductive base member. When a surface profile of the charging member is subjected to a periodicity analysis in a circumferential direction, the surface profile has a maximum amplitude, in a period region of smaller than 5 mm, within a range of higher than or equal to 0.20 ?m and smaller than or equal to 0.90 ?m.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes an image holding member, a charging device that charges a surface of the image holding member and includes a charging member disposed in contact with the surface of the image holding member, an exposure device that forms a latent image by exposing the charged surface, a developing device that forms a toner image by developing the latent image with toner, and a transfer device that transfers the toner image formed to a recording medium. An amplitude Af with a period Lf (mm) satisfying the formula (F?5)?(V/L)?(F+5) is 0.80 ?m or less where F is the natural frequency (Hz) of the exposure device, V is the rotational peripheral velocity (mm/s) of the charging member, and L is the period (mm) in analysis of the circumferential direction period of the surface shape of the charging member.