Abstract: A method of manufacturing a micro tunnel-junction circuit capable of remarkably relieving the limitation of a circuit pattern to be manufactured and remarkably relieving the limitation of a metallic material to be used. In the method, a three-layer structure is formed by laminating a first metal, an insulator, and a second metal on a substrate in this order, a narrow wall part is formed by cutting the three-layer structure in the depth direction by using a converging ion beam, at least one laterally passed through-hole is formed in the wall part by using the converging ion beam, and at least one recessed portion positioned adjacent to the hole is formed by cutting the upper surface of the wall part in the depth direction. The hole is a through-hole starting at the position of the head of the second metal to the position of the head of the substrate and the recessed part is formed to be recessed from the upper surface of the wall part into the first metal.

Abstract: A control quantum bit circuit and a target quantum bit circuit each have a quantum box electrode including a superconductor, a counter electrode coupled to the quantum box electrode through a tunnel barrier, and a gate electrode coupled to the quantum box electrode through a gate capacitor. The quantum box electrode of the control quantum bit circuit is coupled to the quantum box electrode of the target quantum bit circuit through a box-electrode coupling capacitor.

Abstract: A control quantum bit circuit and a target quantum bit circuit each have a quantum box electrode including a superconductor, a counter electrode coupled to the quantum box electrode through a tunnel barrier, and a gate electrode coupled to the quantum box electrode through a gate capacitor. The quantum box electrode of the control quantum bit circuit is coupled to the quantum box electrode of the target quantum bit circuit through a box-electrode coupling capacitor.

Abstract: The present invention provides a flame-retardant which is not only excellent in flame-retarding property but also devoid of lowering moisture-resisting property specially in the course of molding of a resin so that the flame-retardant has little limitation for the molding method, the molding conditions and the intended use thereof. What is characterized is a flame-retardant comprising (a) an aliphatic amine salt of a phosphoric ester with 2-25 carbon atoms in the ester moiety thereof having a melting point of at least 100° C. but not more than a molding temperature of a thermoplastic resin and (b) a salt of phosphoric and/or polyphosphoric acid, the proportion of the component (a) to the component (b), i.e. (a)/(b) being 1/2-5/1 by weight ratio.

Abstract: High device reliability, a reduction in power consumption, and a high operation speed are achieved. When a predetermined bias voltage is applied between a source 1 and a drain 2 to change a gate voltage, a current discretely flows between the source 1 and the drain 2 in accordance with quantized electrostatic energy levels in an island electrode 3. The switching ON/OFF of the current between the source 1 and the drain 2 in this case is enabled by applying ½-electron charge to a gate. When the gate voltage induces polarization in a ferroelectric layer 6, its electric field is applied to the island electrode 3. The current between the source 1 and the drain 2 in this case can be measured with high sensitivity. Charge holding is carried out by the polarization in the ferroelectric layer 6, and stored data can be held even if power supply is cut off.

Abstract: The present invention provides a flame-retardant which is not only excellent in flame-retarding property but also devoid of lowering moisture-resisting property specially in the course of molding of a resin so that the flame-retardant has little limitation for the molding method, the molding conditions and the intended use thereof. What is characterized is a flame-retardant comprising (a) an aliphatic amine salt of a phosphoric ester with 2-25 carbon atoms in the ester moiety thereof having a melting point of at least 100° C. but not more than a molding temperature of a thermoplastic resin and (b) a salt of phosphoric and/or polyphosphoric acid, the proportion of the component (a) to the component (b), i.e. (a)/(b) being ½-{fraction (5/1)} by weight ratio.