Abstract: An estimation device includes: a derivation unit (31) configured to derive a derivation history based on a current, a voltage of a lead-acid battery and a temperature of the lead-acid battery; a specifying unit (31) configured to specify one or more physical quantities based on the derivation history, and one or more relationships selected from a first relationship between a first history and an amount of positive active material, a second relationship between a second history and a specific surface area of a positive electrode material, a third relationship between a third history and bulk density of the positive active material, a fourth relationship between a fourth history and positive active material particles in a cluster size, a fifth relationship between a fifth history and a cumulative amount of lead sulfate of a negative electrode material, a sixth relationship between a sixth history and a specific surface area of the negative electrode material, a seventh relationship between a seventh history and

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for producing perchlorate, which comprises: an electrolytic step (S1) wherein an electrolysis vessel (2), in which a positive electrode side (4A) on which a positive electrode (4) is arranged and a negative electrode side (5A) on which a negative electrode (5) is arranged are divided by a cation-exchange membrane (6), is used and an aqueous solution of sodium chlorate is electrolytically oxidized on the positive electrode side (4A) of the electrolysis vessel (2); a neutralization reaction step (S2) wherein a substance an aqueous solution of which shows alkalinity is added to the aqueous perchloric acid solution that has been produced by the electrolytic oxidation on the positive electrode side, so that perchlorate is synthesized by a neutralization reaction; and a crystallization process wherein the perchlorate synthesized by the neutralization reaction is obtained as crystals.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing ozone ice that is improved for its storage stability is provided. In the method, ice 11 including oxygen gas g2 as gas bubbles b is produced and the produced ice 11 is irradiated with ultraviolet radiation, then the oxygen gas g2 in the ice 11 is ozonized to manufacture ozone ice 1.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing ozone ice that is improved for its storage stability is provided. In the method, ice 11 including oxygen gas g2 as gas bubbles b is produced and the produced ice 11 is irradiated with ultraviolet radiation, then the oxygen gas g2 in the ice 11 is ozonized to manufacture ozone ice 1.

Abstract: A light detection value determines concentration of a target component, without using a laser emitter of high laser intensity or a large light collector. By changing orientation of the laser emitter about a horizontal axis, or height of the laser emitter, a laser irradiation position on a ground or water surface is switched between first and second irradiation positions. A photodetector detects first scattered light scattering from the first laser beam at the first irradiation position, second scattered light scattering from the second laser beam at the first irradiation position, third scattered light scattering from the first laser beam at the second irradiation position, and fourth scattered light scattering from the second laser beam at the second irradiation position. A concentration calculator calculates concentration of a target component between the first and second irradiation positions, based on detection values of the first, second, third, and fourth scattered light.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method of manufacturing a perchlorate including an electrolysis process (S1) in which, using an electrolysis tank (2) in which an anode section (4A) provided with an anode (4) and a cathode section (5A) provided a cathode (5) are divided by a cation exchange membrane (6), an aqueous solution of sodium chlorate is electrolytically oxidized in the anode section, a neutralization reaction process (S2) in which a substance that becomes alkaline when dissolved in water is added to the aqueous solution of perchloric acid in the anode section, which has been generated by the electrolytic oxidation, so as to synthesize a perchlorate by a neutralization reaction, and a crystallization method in which the perchlorate synthesized by the neutralization reaction process is formed into crystals, in which the crystallization method includes a crystallization method composed of three processes of an evaporation and crystallization process (S3) or an evaporation and concentration process (S21), a co

Abstract: A gaseous component concentration determination apparatus that can obtain a sufficiently large light detection value and determine a concentration of a target component in a desired section without using a laser emitter of a high laser intensity or a large light collector is provided.

Abstract: A sufficiently large light detection value can be obtained to determine a concentration of a target component in a desired section, without using a laser emitter of a high laser intensity or a large light collector. By changing an orientation of a laser emitter 3 about a horizontal axis or a height of the laser emitter 3, a laser irradiation position on a ground or water surface 5 is switched between a first irradiation position 5a and a second irradiation position 5b. A photodetector 9 detects first scattered light resulting from scattering of first laser beam at the first irradiation position 5a, second scattered light resulting from scattering of second laser beam at the first irradiation position 5a, third scattered light resulting from scattering of the first laser beam at the second irradiation position 5b, and fourth scattered light resulting from scattering of the second laser beam at the second irradiation position 5b.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing ozone ice that is improved for its storage stability is provided. In the method, ice 11 including oxygen gas g2 as gas bubbles b is produced and the produced ice 11 is irradiated with ultraviolet radiation, then the oxygen gas g2 in the ice 11 is ozonized to manufacture ozone ice 1.