Abstract: A cell module for a solid oxide fuel cell includes a cell substrate (1) having gas permeability, one electrode (2) among a fuel electrode and an air electrode formed on the cell substrate, a solid electrolyte (3) formed on the one electrode, and the other electrode (4) formed on the solid electrolyte, wherein in the case of counter-flow of the fuel gas and the oxidant gas flow, the gas permeability of a central portion (1b) of the cell substrate in the gas flow direction is lower than the gas permeability of an inlet portion (1a) and an outlet portion (1c) of the cell substrate.

Abstract: A cell module for a solid oxide fuel cell includes a cell substrate (1) having gas permeability, one electrode (2) among a fuel electrode and an air electrode formed on the cell substrate, a solid electrolyte (3) formed on the one electrode, and the other electrode (4) formed on the solid electrolyte, wherein in the case of counter-flow of the fuel gas and the oxidant gas flow, the gas permeability of a central portion (1b) of the cell substrate in the gas flow direction is lower than the gas permeability of an inlet portion (1a) and an outlet portion (1c) of the cell substrate.

Abstract: A solid oxide fuel cell system includes: a fuel cell stack having a fuel electrode and an oxidant electrode; and a combustion unit provided to start the system; a control unit configured to perform control in such a way as to fill a combustion gas discharged from the combustion unit into the fuel electrode of the fuel cell stack at a time of stopping the system, the combustion gas containing an inert gas as a component.

Abstract: A reformer 1 of the present invention is formed by stacking each other a reforming layer 2 configured to reform a reforming fuel with a reforming catalyst 5, and a heating layer 3 configured to heat the reforming layer 2 through an exothermic reaction with a combustion catalyst 8. A gas mixture obtained by mixing a to-be-combusted gas with a combustion-assisting gas is supplied to a heating passage 25 in the heating layer 3. The heating passage 25 is separated into multiple separation passages 31a to 31c by separation walls 11, 13 parallel to a wall surface coated with the combustion catalyst 8. The multiple separation passages 31a to 31c respectively eject the gas mixture to different positions of the combustion catalyst 8.

Abstract: A solid oxide fuel cell system includes: a fuel cell stack having a fuel electrode and an oxidant electrode; and a combustion unit provided to start the system; a control unit configured to perform control in such a way as to fill a combustion gas discharged from the combustion unit into the fuel electrode of the fuel cell stack at a time of stopping the system, the combustion gas containing an inert gas as a component.

Abstract: A reformer 1 of the present invention is formed by stacking each other a reforming layer 2 configured to reform a reforming fuel with a reforming catalyst 5, and a heating layer 3 configured to heat the reforming layer 2 through an exothermic reaction with a combustion catalyst 8. A gas mixture obtained by mixing a to-be-combusted gas with a combustion-assisting gas is supplied to a heating passage 25 in the heating layer 3. The heating passage 25 is separated into multiple separation passages 31a to 31c by separation walls 11, 13 parallel to a wall surface coated with the combustion catalyst 8. The multiple separation passages 31a to 31c respectively eject the gas mixture to different positions of the combustion catalyst 8.

Abstract: In the present invention, in a direct-injection spark ignition internal combustion engine, an air-fuel mixture mass of appropriate density and size is formed in a combustion chamber having a piston bowl with fixed volume, according to an operating condition of the engine. For this purpose, a fuel injection amount is increased according to a rise of an engine load, the momentum of a fuel spray in the axial direction of a cylinder is increased, and also an increase rate of the momentum of a fuel spray in an axial direction of a cylinder is made greater than that of the fuel injection amount.

Abstract: In the present invention, in a direct-injection spark ignition internal combustion engine, an air-fuel mixture mass of appropriate density and size is formed in a combustion chamber having a piston bowl with fixed volume, according to an operating condition of the engine. For this purpose, a fuel injection amount is increased according to a rise of an engine load, the momentum of a fuel spray in the axial direction of a cylinder is increased, and also an increase rate of the momentum of a fuel spray in an axial direction of a cylinder is made greater than that of the fuel injection amount.

Abstract: An engine control unit controls a self-ignition gasoline engine which is capable of changing a combustion condition of the engine between a self-ignition combustion and a spark-ignition combustion according to an engine operating condition. The control unit executes detecting an combustion condition in the engine, detecting a self-ignition limit of a region for executing the self-ignition combustion on the basis of the combustion condition, and varying a combustion parameter for the combustion during the self-ignition combustion so that the combustion condition approaches the self-ignition combustion limit and a self-ignition combustion operation is executed under a condition maintaining the self-ignition limit.

Abstract: This invention relates to an engine knocking detector for determining knocking intensity from the oscillation waveform of the cylinder internal pressure. The total amount of heat generated in the combustion chamber during one revolution of the crankshaft is computed from the pressure waveform from which high frequency components have been eliminated, and from the running state of the engine. Also, the knocking start point during one revolution of the crankshaft is determined by comparing high frequency components extracted from the waveform and a predetermined reference value, and the amount of heat due to knocking is computed. A knocking intensity is then determined by comparing these two amounts of heat.

Abstract: A knock detecting system for internal combustion engines which includes a heat quantity computing unit for deriving a heat quantity produced in every engine cycle, on the basis of the fluctuations in a combustion pressure waveform in which high-frequency components having frequencies higher than a predetermined cut-off frequency being removed from a fluctuation waveform of detected combustion pressure. The knock detecting system also includes a knock intensity computing units which derives knock intensity on the basis of a ratio of a heat quantity produced by knocking to a heat quantity produced by normal combustion.

Abstract: An NOx concentration measuring apparatus employing first and second wide-range air/fuel ratio sensors for measuring an NOx concentration of gases introduced thereto through a first passage. First and second restricted orifices are provided in the first passage upstream of the first and second sensors. A second passage is connected to the first passage between the first and second orifices. A suction pump is connected to the first passage downstream of the first and second sensors for producing a suction vacuum in the first passage and is also connected to the second passage for producing a suction vacuum in the second passage. The first and second orifices are effective to prevent momentary gas pressure fluctuations from affecting the accuracy of measurement of the first and second sensors.