Abstract: A method for producing metal wirings on an insulating substrate is disclosed. The method comprises the steps of forming a metal wiring layer of a predetermined shape on a predetermined position of the insulating substrate, the metal wiring layer being made of a metal capable of being oxidized; implanting the metal wiring layer with an impurity element; and forming an insulating layer by oxidizing the surface of the metal wiring layer after implanting the impurity element.

Abstract: Using a gate electrode formed on a semiconductor film as a mask, impurity ions are implanted into the semiconductor film. Thereafter, a photoresist film is formed on the substrate including the gate electrode. The photoresist film on the gate electrode is then exposed to light from a back side of the gate electrode. By this self-alignment method, a resist pattern narrower than the gate electrode is formed. Then, the gate electrode is narrowed through the etching thereof using the photoresist pattern as a mask, whereby an offset gate structure of a thin-film transistor is obtained.

Abstract: A metallic wiring board includes nitrogen implanted in a surface of a substrate or a protective layer including nitrogen formed on the substrate upon which is formed a metallic film including, as a main component, one of Ta and Nb. An insulating film covering the metallic wiring is formed by anodic oxidation. The nitrogen in the substrate or the protective layer prevents Ta (or Nb) ions from entering the substrate during the anodic oxidation of the metallic wiring. As a result, insulating properties of the substrate are not degraded during the oxidation.

Abstract: A reflective substrate is provided, in which an electrode made of a material having an optical reflecting function is provided above an insulating base substrate and an upper surface of the electrode has a continuous wave shape without any flat portions. A method for manufacturing the reflective substrate includes the steps of: forming a plurality of convex portions with two or more different heights in a region where the electrode is provided; forming a polymer resin film, which has an upper surface in a continuous wave shape without any flat portions, on the substrate with the convex portions; and forming the electrode made of a material having an optical reflecting function on the polymer resin film so that the electrode has a continuous wave shape.

Abstract: The object of this invention is to enhance the display quality of reflection type liquid crystal display device having the constitutions of an organic insulating film is formed on a thin film transistor formed on a substrate, and contact holes and bumps are formed at the positions for forming reflection electrodes on the organic insulating film. The reflection electrodes are formed thereon, and drain electrodes and reflection electrodes 38 are connected through the contact holes. The effect of this invention is since the bumps are formed only in the portions of the reflection electrodes, patterning of the reflection electrodes is easy, and insulation failure between source bus wirings and reflection electrodes does not occur, and the display quality is enhanced.

Abstract: In the liquid crystal display, a liquid crystal layer is provided between a first insulating substrate and a second insulating substrate. A plurality of first electrodes are arranged in parallel on the first insulating substrate in a first direction, and a first insulating layer is formed on the entire surface of the first insulating substrate and covers the first electrodes. A semiconductor layer is formed on the first insulating layer, and a second insulating layer is formed thereon and covers the entire surface of the first insulating substrate. This triple-layered structure constitutes a switching element array. A plurality of second electrodes are arranged in parallel on the second insulating electrode in a second direction crossing the first direction. Thus, the switching element array sandwiched between the first and second electrodes is used for driving the liquid crystal layer.

Abstract: A method for producing an active matrix substrate using a thin film transistor having a gate electrode on an insulating substrate covered with a gate insulating layer, a semiconductor layer on the gate insulating layer, a channel protective layer on the semiconductor layer, a drain electrode having a portion overlying the gate electrode with the interposition of the gate insulating layer, the semiconductor layer and the channel protective layer, and a source electrode having a portion overlying the gate electrode with the interposition of the gate insulating layer, the method enhancing the transistor characteristics of the active matrix substrate with minimum leakage and the removal of an off-current generated from the presence of electrons and holes.

Abstract: A method for producing a semiconductor device including forming an electrode or an electrode wiring by forming a tantalum thin film by sputtering is provided. In this method, a krypton gas in which nitrogen is mixed as a reactive gas is used as a sputtering gas, and a product of the pressure of the sputtering gas and a target-substrate distance is set in the range of 0.01 m.Pa to 0.08 m.Pa.

Abstract: An active-matrix display device having low-resistance added capacitance electrode wires in which single or plural secondary wires connected electrically to the added capacitance electrode wires reduce the apparent electrical resistance of the added capacitance electrode wires, which makes the time constant of the added capacitance electrode wires smaller, so that the charging characteristics of the added capacitance are improved and contrast and other display characteristics of the liquid crystal display device are improved.

Abstract: A heat-sensitive recording medium comprising, on a support, a heat-sensitive color-developing layer containing a colorless or light-colored leuco dye (or an electron-donating dye precursor) and a color-developing agent (or an electron-accepting substance) reacting with the leuco dye to develop color as main constituents, said leuco dye being a compound represented by the formula (I): ##STR1## wherein X represents CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.3 --CH.sub.2 or CH.sub.3 --CH.sub.2 --CH.sub.2 and Y represents CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.3 --Ch.sub.2 or CH.sub.3, and said heat-sensitive color-developing layer containing at least one of the compounds represented by the general formula (II) and (III): ##STR2## where R.sub.1, R.sub.1 ' are respectively any one of H, Cl, and CH.sub.3, and may be the same with or different from each other: ##STR3## where R.sub.2, R.sub.2 ' are respectively any one of H and CH.sub.3, and may be the same with or different from each other.

Abstract: An active matrix substrate for the liquid crystal display has a switching circuit for switching on each of picture elements which includes a corresponding gate bus line, source bus line and a switching transistor. Further, the switching circuit includes at least one redundant structure to avoid inoperativeness of the switching circuit.

Abstract: A system and method for automatically controlling a vehicle speed to a set desired cruise speed are disclosed in which a cruise speed control operation of a control portion is carried out only when a power supply for the system is turned on and all of vehicle speed set switches are turned off.

Abstract: An improved in-situ polymerization method is provided for easily producing a good slurry of strong, dense, water-resistant and anti-hygroscopic microcapsules made of an amino resin of either of melamine-formaldehyde series or the ureaformaldehyde series, in a high concentration of microcapsules, and a low viscosity.