Abstract: A power state of any point of a power system is estimated with high accuracy to appropriately perform monitoring of the state of the entire power system. A power system state estimation device is provided which includes a power system data database which holds node information indicative of positions in the power system and facility information including sensors in association with each other, a sensor data database which holds the output of the sensors, an estimation environment setting unit which determines a sensor to be used when a power state at a particular node is estimated, using the information of the power system data database, and a state estimation unit which in correspondence to the sensor used at the particular node determined by the estimation environment setting unit, obtains the output of the sensor from the sensor data database and performs state estimation for the entire power system.

Abstract: A surface treatment aqueous solution is provided which is superior in corrosion resistance and coating adhesiveness as well as in ability of inhibiting the production of precipitate. A tinned DI can, which has been degreased, is conversion coating processed in a treatment bath filled with a surface treatment aqueous solution containing at least phosphate ions, organophosphonate compound and tin ions with a pH value of 5 or less. After the conversion coating, the DI can is washed with water and dried. A preferable organophosphonate compound is one in which a phosphorus atom constituting a phosphonate group is bonded to a carbon atom.

Abstract: A first plate member is insetted at its end portion between a body part and a return part of a second plate member. A first swelling part is formed at the end portion of the first plate member so as to protrude to a side of the return part of the second plate member. A second swelling part is formed at a portion corresponding to the first swelling part in the return part of the second plate member so as to be in face-to-face contact with the first swelling part. The first and second swelling parts are joined by laser welding.

Abstract: A degreasing detergent composition for tin surfaces and a method for its use, wherein the composition is an aqueous solution having a pH of 9 to 13 and containing at least one surfactant, at least one alkali metal detergent builder, and at least an alkaline earth metal salt at a concentration of at least 0.003 g/l.

Abstract: An assemblage of hand-operated switches includes a plurality of printed fixed contact sets on an insulating base. A spacer sheet overlying the insulating base has openings therein in register with the fixed contact sets. Further overlying the spacer sheet is a plastic film having printed movable contacts formed thereon in register with the spacer sheet openings. Each switch is equipped with a key or button, upon depression of which the corresponding movable contact is moved into engagement with the corresponding fixed contact set through the corresponding spacer sheet opening. The plastic film together with the printed movable contacts thereon can be replaced by a single piece of resilient sheet metal.