Abstract: In a film scanner, for reading an original image on a photographic film, provided with an optical system for irradiating light to the original image on the photographic film and for focusing light from the photographic film so as to form an image and photoelectically converting elements for photoelectically reading the formed image by the optical system, there is further provided an image resolution regulator to regulate image resolution of the read image in accordance with the size of the original image to be read.

Abstract: To provide an image reading apparatus which is capable of easily and quickly specifying a frame of a transparency original for which image reading is desired from the transparency original having a plurality of frames and of image reading with high accuracy at the time of final reading of a specified image. The image reading apparatus comprises: a carrier member holding a film-shaped transparency original which has a plurality of frames; an illuminating means illuminating the transparency original; and an image reading means reading image data of the transparency original illuminated by the illuminating means, in which when the image data is read in previewing, the carrier member is moved by a carrier moving means, and when final image reading of the image data is effected, the carrier member is moved by moving a carrier frame having the carrier moving means. The image data which has been read is outputted to an image display device connected to the image reading apparatus.

Abstract: A method for recovering phosphorus from organic sludge includes the steps of producing incinerated ash from organic sludge, mixing the incinerated ash with a carbon source, vaporizing phosphorus from phosphorus compounds in the incinerated ash by heating the incinerated ash mixed with the carbon source in a non-oxidizing atmosphere, preferably, at 1,000 to 1,250.degree. C., and recovering phosphorus by bringing the vaporized phosphorus into contact with water to condense the vaporized phosphorus. Alternatively, the vaporized phosphorus is oxidized to phosphorus pentoxide, and phosphorus is recovered as phosphoric acid by bringing the phosphorus pentoxide into contact with water. Instead of the steps of producing incinerated ash from organic sludge and mixing a carbon source with the incinerated ash, by dehydrating and drying organic sludge and carbonizing organic substances in the organic sludge, preferably, at 400 to 700.degree. C., similar effects can be obtained.

Abstract: A device for displaying photographic images by reading image data recorded on a film and displaying them on a display means, wherein the kind of the film is discriminated, at least either one of the number of frames displayed on a screen of the display means or the reading resolution of the image reader means is variably determined depending upon the kind of the film that is discriminated, and the images are displayed on the screen of the display means depending upon the determination by the determination means. The images of frames of a number determined depending upon the kind of the film are efficiently displayed on the screen of the display means and/or the images are displayed maintaining a proper resolution depending upon the kind of the film by varying the reading resolution of the image reader means.

Abstract: A photographic film scanner which includes: a carrier receiver section for receiving one of: (a) the first film carrier having an accommodation section, for accommodating a cartridge in which a rolled film is enclosed, and a conveying mechanism, for conveying the rolled film; and (b) the second film carrier for holding a film. The photographic film scanner further includes a scanner for reading image information from one of the rolled film, accommodated in the cartridge, and the film, held by the second film carrier; a detector for detecting a load of the first film carrier and the second film carrier into the carrier receiver; a contact point for electrically connecting the carrier receiver section and the first film carrier; and a discrimination circuit for automatically discriminating between the first film carrier and the second film carrier by sending electric signals through the contact point when the detector detects the load of one of the first film carrier and the second film carrier.

Abstract: Provision is made of a carrier for holding a piece film cut every after several frames and a carrier for holding a long wound film contained in a cartridge and having a motor for frame-feeding. When the carrier is loaded, the carrier is driven at a high speed by a first stepping motor and is driven to a predetermined position, to optically detect whether the carrier is for holding the piece film or for holding the long wound film. When the carrier is for holding the piece film, the carrier is driven at a high speed by the first stepping motor and is prescanned. When the carrier is for holding the long wound film, the carrier is driven by a second stepping motor and is prescanned. In the main scanning, both of the carriers are driven by the second stepping motor at a low speed, so that image is read maintaining a high resolution.

Abstract: A film scanner includes: a film carrier having, an aperture for image reading, a film conveyor for conveying a film on which image information in each frame has been recorded, to the aperture one frame by one frame of the film, and a communication device for receiving a control signal to control the film conveyor; an image reader for optically reading the recorded image information on the film; a controller for generating the control signal; and a first outputting device connected with the communication device for outputting the control signal to the film carrier.

Abstract: A laser magnetic immunoassay (LMIA) technique is presented which combines the high detection sensitivity of the radioimmunoassay (RIA) technique with the simplicity of particle agglutination (PA) technique. The LMIA technique dispenses with the separation step of bound and free species (B/F separation), yet provides detectivity of the order of picogram of viral species per milliliter of analyte solution. The procedure includes of the steps of: preparing a superparamagnetic-labeled body of antigen or antibody; subjecting a specimen sample and the magnetic-labeled body to a specific immunoreaction to produce a reacted body; subjecting the reacted body containing both bound and free species to a spot magnetic field gradient; irradiating the spot with a laser beam; measuring the intensity of the outgoing light from the spot; and making a quantitative determination of the virus according to the time difference in the outgoing light signals generated by bound and free species.

Abstract: An in-situ laser magnetic immunoassay ("LMIA") method which eliminates the step of B/F separation generally required in the labeling method of immunoassays. The laser magnetic immunoassay permits a quantitative determination of a target immunological substance, for example, an antigen, an antibody, lymphocytes, viruses, tumorous cells and infections cells, in an analyte solution containing both bound and free species. A transitory increase in the magnetophoretic scattering of laser beam is observed when the analyte solution contains magnetic-labeled, bound target analyte, while no such increase is observed in a control test solution, containing only the relevant reagents. A magnetophoretic LMIA apparatus is provided which includes a magnetic gradient generating device which forms an integral part of the in-situ LMIA.

Abstract: The ceramic tile using sludge slag of the present invention comprises:______________________________________ sludge slag from 5 to 70 wt. %, agalmatolite from 20 to 90 wt. %, clay from 5 to 50 wt. %, and the balance being incidental impurities. ______________________________________The sludge slag is obtained by separating sludge from sewage, burning the thus separated sludge into ash, melting the resultant ash and solidifying the thus melted ash. The sludge slag consists essentially of: ______________________________________ silicon dioxide (SiO.sub.2) from 10 to 50 wt. %, aluminum oxide (Al.sub.2 O.sub.3) from 3 to 20 wt. %, phosphorous pentoxide (P.sub.2 O.sub.5) from 1 to 30 wt. %, calcium oxide (CaO) from 10 to 70 wt. %, magnesium oxide (MgO) from 0.5 to 20 wt. %, and iron oxide (Fe.sub.2 O.sub.3) from 5 to 25 wt. %.

Abstract: A camera includes a sound pressure section, a release determining section, and a shutter driving section. The sound pressure detecting section detects the sound pressure level of an input sound. The release determining section outputs a release signal when the sound pressure level detected by the sound pressure detecting section is a reference value or more for a predetermined period of time. The shutter driving section performs a release operation in response to the release signal from the release determining section.

Abstract: A camera for taking photographs by voice recognition operations. The camera comprises a microphone through which voiced command words of an operator are registered in a computer as a form of digital data. The computer identifies the same voiced command words in accordance with the registered data and operates the intended functions of the camera. The camera indicates the functioning of the computer for the registration and the recognition of the voiced command words with a display device so that the operator can confirm his operations on the camera.

Abstract: A silver halide type camera wherein an optical image of a subject focused on a silver halide film is received by a charge coupled device, an image information from the charge coupled device is processed by a signal processing device and displayed on a display, and a photographing condition is changed according to the image on the display immediately before taking a picture to form an optimum picture on the silver halide film.

Abstract: A camera for taking photographs by voice recognition operations. The camera comprises a microphone through which voiced command words of an operator are registered in a computer as a form of digital data. Voice registration can be done by using the actual camera operating switches. The computer identifies the same voiced command words in accordance with the registered data and operates the intended functions of the camera. The camera indicates the functioning of the computer for the registration and the recognition of the voiced command words with a display device so that the operator can confirm his operations on the camera.

Abstract: An automatic patrone loading camera includes a patrone chamber, a rotating shaft, a detector, and a control section. The patrone chamber houses a patrone. A film is inserted in the patrone in the winding shaft direction while the film is wound around the outer surface of the patrone. When the patrone is housed in the patrone chamber, the rotating shaft is engaged with a winding shaft of the patrone so as to rotate the winding shaft. The detector detects an extracted state of a leader portion of the film. The control section controls a rotating direction of the rotating shaft on the basis of a detection value from the detector.

Abstract: Disclosed is a photographic film-feeding apparatus for positioning picture frames of a film to an exposure position in a camera, wherein there is provided a feeding mechanism which is controlled so as to wind or rewind the film by two frames in response to every picture-taking operation. When starting the rewinding process, the feeding mechanism is further controlled so that the film is rewound so as to position a picture frame being adjacent to the latest exposed frame in the winding process to the exposure position and thereafter the film is rewound by two frames.

Abstract: A camera includes an LCD, a microcomputer for detecting the presence/absence of a main power supply battery so as to detect an exchange of the main power supply battery, and a battery check circuit for detecting a voltage state of the main power supply battery. When the microcomputer detects the exchange of the main power supply battery, the battery check circuit is started to cause the LCD to display the voltage state of the main power supply battery.

Abstract: A camera provided with an automatic focusing apparatus having a lens-driving device (40) to move a photographing lens (50) in the direction of an optical axis to a focal position on the basis of a distance information from a distance-measuring device, a lens-positioning device (30) to determine a position of stoppage of the photographing lens (50) moved in the direction of the optical axis, and one motor (60) driving the two devices (40) and (30).An automatic focusing method of detecting a distance to an object by a distance-measuring device, moving the photographing lens (50) in the direction of an optical axis on the basis of the information on the distance, determining a position of stoppage of the photographing lens (50) at the same time substantially, and stopping the photographing lens (50) at this position.

Abstract: A focal length switching type camera wherein the focal length switching operation is initiated by a focal length switching and operating device, and a motor for driving a moving device is energized according to information from the focal length switching and operating device. The moving device moves a lens unit for holding a lens in a direction of an optical axis.

Abstract: An automatic focusing apparatus for a camera wherein a distance measurement signal is stored as a digital value, pulses corresponding to a distance, which are generated upon rotational movement of a lens along an optical axis through a motor, are counted, and a stop pawl for stopping the lens is driven in accordance with the count value. A pulse width of the pulses of the pulse signal is detected, the pulses of the pulse signal are counted, and when the number of the counted pulses corresponds to the stored digital value, the stop pawl is driven after a delay time which is determined based on the detected pulse width of a pulse of the pulse signal.