Abstract: A learning system according to one aspect of the present invention presents a question to a learner, receives an answer to the question from the learner, and after answering is complete, presents the correct answer of the question to the learner. In a case where the learner’s answer to the presented question is incorrect, the learning system acquires measurement data of brain waves from when the correct answer to the incorrectly answered question was presented to the learner, and calculates the intensity of feedback-related negativity from the acquired measurement data. In accordance with the calculated intensity of the feedback-related negativity and the incorrectly answered question, the learning system acquires the next question to be presented.

Abstract: A method is described for making determinations on or classifying the pain of an estimation subject on the basis of the brainwaves of the estimation subject. This method includes: (a) stimulating the estimation subject at a plurality of levels of stimulation intensity; (b) acquiring brainwave data for the estimation subject; (c) extracting a brainwave feature quantity from the brainwave data or the analysis data; (d) for plugging the feature quantity into a Sparse model analysis, making the feature quantity approach a quantitative level and/or a qualitative level for pain, and estimating or making a determination on a pain level. Another method is described including comparing of brainwave data or analysis data from the 2,000 msec following the earliest of an induced brainwave component, an initial-event-related voltage component, and 250 msec after a target stimulus has been applied.

Abstract: In order to provide a sensing device and the like capable of using the behavior of a plurality of microorganisms changing over time as a sensor for estimating a chemical substance, the present invention includes: a recording unit in which is recorded a plurality of sample data that statistically calculated in advance the behavior of a plurality of microorganisms changing over time in an environment with known chemical substances present; a statistics unit for generating statistical data that statistically calculated the behavior of the plurality of microorganisms changing over time in an environment with a predetermined chemical substance present; and a determination unit for estimating the predetermined chemical substance on the basis of the statistical data and the sample data.