Abstract: According to one embodiment, in an organic electroluminescence device, a first substrate has a first refractive index n1. A second substrate is joined to an upper surface of the first substrate and has a second refractive index n2 higher than the first refractive index n1. Multiple wedge-shaped metal lines are buried in the second substrate in such a manner that one side of the wedge-shaped metal line is flush with an upper surface of the second substrate. A transparent electrode is formed on the upper surface of the second substrate and the multiple metal lines. An insulating layer is formed on a portion of the transparent electrode opposed to the multiple metal lines. An organic light emitting layer is formed on the transparent electrode on which the insulating layer is formed. A metal electrode is formed on the organic light emitting layer.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, an illumination device includes an anode, a metal layer, a cathode, an organic electroluminescent unit, first and second insulating layers, and a plurality of conductive piercing layers. The metal layer has an electrical resistance lower than that of the anode. The cathode is provided between the anode and the metal layer. The organic electroluminescent unit is provided between the anode and the cathode. The first insulating layer is provided between the cathode and the metal layer. The conductive piercing layers pierce the organic electroluminescent unit, the cathode, and the first insulating layer along a direction from the anode toward the metal layer to electrically connect the anode to the metal layer, and are separate entities from the metal layer. The second insulating layer is provided between the organic electroluminescent unit and the conductive piercing layers and between the cathode and the conductive piercing layers.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, an illumination device includes an anode, a metal layer, a cathode, an organic electroluminescent unit, first and second insulating layers, and a plurality of conductive piercing layers. The metal layer has an electrical resistance lower than that of the anode. The cathode is provided between the anode and the metal layer. The organic electroluminescent unit is provided between the anode and the cathode. The first insulating layer is provided between the cathode and the metal layer. The conductive piercing layers pierce the organic electroluminescent unit, the cathode, and the first insulating layer along a direction from the anode toward the metal layer to electrically connect the anode to the metal layer, and are separate entities from the metal layer. The second insulating layer is provided between the organic electroluminescent unit and the conductive piercing layers and between the cathode and the conductive piercing layers.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, in an organic electroluminescence device, a first substrate has a first refractive index n1. A second substrate is joined to an upper surface of the first substrate and has a second refractive index n2 higher than the first refractive index n1. Multiple wedge-shaped metal lines are buried in the second substrate in such a manner that one side of the wedge-shaped metal line is flush with an upper surface of the second substrate. A transparent electrode is formed on the upper surface of the second substrate and the multiple metal lines. An insulating layer is formed on a portion of the transparent electrode opposed to the multiple metal lines. An organic light emitting layer is formed on the transparent electrode on which the insulating layer is formed. A metal electrode is formed on the organic light emitting layer.

Abstract: By using an intaglio plate for holding a pattern formed by a developing agent, a transfer device for transferring patterns developed on the intaglio plate to a transfer object medium, and a baking chamber for eliminating an electrode layer after transfer or heightening resistance thereof, the patterns developed on the intaglio plate are transferred onto the electrode layer disposed at the opposite side of the transfer object medium, and then heated in the baking chamber, whereby the electrode layer is eliminated or heightened in resistance.

Abstract: By using an intaglio plate for holding a pattern formed by a developing agent, a transfer device for transferring patterns developed on the intaglio plate to a transfer object medium, and a baking chamber for eliminating an electrode layer after transfer or heightening resistance thereof, the patterns developed on the intaglio plate are transferred onto the electrode layer disposed at the opposite side of the transfer object medium, and then heated in the baking chamber, whereby the electrode layer is eliminated or heightened in resistance.

Abstract: A liquid developing agent includes a toner particle having a nuclear particle and a covering layer containing a wax, provided on the surface of the nuclear particle in which the wax has at least one of polar groups and aromatic substituent groups, is substantially insoluble in an electric insulation solvent at room temperature, has a melting point below a boiling point of the electric insulation solvent, and is dissolved in the insulation solvent at a temperature higher than the melting point.

Abstract: A pattern formation apparatus has a drum-like intaglio rolling along a transferred medium. After the intaglio is charged by a charger, a pattern of toner particles is formed by supplying a liquid developer of each color to the intaglio via a developing machine and an electric field is formed between the intaglio and the transferred medium by rolling the intaglio along the transferred medium to transfer charged toner particles to the transferred medium. A cleaning apparatus which cleans the intaglio after the pattern in each color being transferred to the transferred medium has nozzles at an angle for blowing a cleaning liquid against recesses and removal rollers for removing toner particles liberated from the recesses together with the cleaning liquid.

Abstract: A pattern forming apparatus includes an intaglio having a pattern of depressions, developing units which form a first potential difference with the intaglio, supply a liquid developer containing charged phosphor particles to the pattern and develop by aggregating the phosphor particles in the depressions, and a transfer roller which forms a second potential difference with the developed intaglio and a glass sheet arranged in opposed relation to each other and sequentially transfers the phosphor particles aggregated in the depressions to the glass sheet.

Abstract: A circuit board includes a substrate, a nonconductive resin layer selectively formed on the substrate and containing fine metal particles, and a conductive metal layer formed on the resin layer, in contact with the fine metal particles which are exposed from the resin layer. A surface of the resin layer has irregularities, in an interface between the resin layer and the conductive metal layer. In a roughness curve of a section of the resin layer, in a case of an wavelength (?c) at the boundary of a roughness component and a waviness component is 1 ?m, a maximum height (Rz) per reference length (1r) of 1 ?m is 20 nm to 500 nm.