Abstract: The stability of a step of processing a wiring formed using copper, aluminum, gold, silver, molybdenum, or the like is increased. Moreover, the concentration of impurities in a semiconductor film is reduced. Moreover, the electrical characteristics of a semiconductor device are improved. In a transistor including an oxide semiconductor film, an oxide film in contact with the oxide semiconductor film, and a pair of conductive films being in contact with the oxide film and including copper, aluminum, gold, silver, molybdenum, or the like, the oxide film has a plurality of crystal parts and has c-axis alignment in the crystal parts, and the c-axes are aligned in a direction parallel to a normal vector of a top surface of the oxide semiconductor film or the oxide film.

Abstract: A gas separation membrane includes a porous layer, a first resin layer provided at a surface on one side of the porous layer, the first resin layer including an organopolysiloxane, and a second resin layer provided at a surface of the first resin layer on a side opposite to that of the porous layer, the second resin layer including an organopolysiloxane. The first resin layer has a porosity greater than that of the second resin layer. The second resin layer is chemically bonded to the first resin layer.

Abstract: This image pickup apparatus includes: an image pickup unit including an image pickup element; a first video signal processing unit that generates a first video signal having a first resolution from a pixel signal obtained by the image pickup unit; a second video signal processing unit that sets a plurality of divided areas for spatially segmenting the first video signal generated by the first video signal processing unit, cuts out the first video signal in a region smaller than a size of the corresponding divided area as a block from the first video signal in each of the individual divided areas, and connects them to one another, to thereby generate a second video signal having a second resolution lower than the first resolution; and a view finder that displays the second video signal.

Abstract: This image pickup apparatus includes a VF signal processing unit 15 that downconverts a first video signal having a 4K resolution to thereby generate an downconverted video signal having an HD resolution, calculates each of pieces of differential data from an average luminance value of luminance values of 2 horizontal×2 vertical pixels of a center portion in a region of 4 horizontal×4 vertical pixels of a first video signal, which correspond to 2 horizontal×2 vertical pixels of the downconverted video signal, calculates an addition value for each pixel of 2 horizontal×2 vertical pixels of the center portion on the basis of each piece of differential data, and individually adds the luminance values of 2 horizontal×2 vertical pixels of the downconverted video signal to thereby generate a second video signal having the HD resolution.

Abstract: This image pickup apparatus includes a VF signal processing unit 15 that downconverts a first video signal having a 4K resolution to thereby generate an downconverted video signal having an HD resolution, calculates each of pieces of differential data from an average luminance value of luminance values of 2 horizontal×2 vertical pixels of a center portion in a region of 4 horizontal×4 vertical pixels of a first video signal, which correspond to 2 horizontal×2 vertical pixels of the downconverted video signal, calculates an addition value for each pixel of 2 horizontal×2 vertical pixels of the center portion on the basis of each piece of differential data, and individually adds the luminance values of 2 horizontal×2 vertical pixels of the downconverted video signal to thereby generate a second video signal having the HD resolution.

Abstract: This image pickup apparatus includes: an image pickup unit including an image pickup element; a first video signal processing unit that generates a first video signal having a first resolution from a pixel signal obtained by the image pickup unit; a second video signal processing unit that sets a plurality of divided areas for spatially segmenting the first video signal generated by the first video signal processing unit, cuts out the first video signal in a region smaller than a size of the corresponding divided area as a block from the first video signal in each of the individual divided areas, and connects them to one another, to thereby generate a second video signal having a second resolution lower than the first resolution; and a view finder that displays the second video signal.

Abstract: This video transmission apparatus includes: a first control unit that divides video data into a plurality of channels in units of one or more specified number of consecutive frames, and gives a change by a reversible method to the video data of a specific area in the frame of the video data of each channel, the specific area corresponding to the channel; and a plurality of first video transmission interfaces that each transmit the video data of each channel to which the change is given.

Abstract: This video transmission apparatus includes: a first control unit that divides video data into a plurality of channels in units of one or more specified number of consecutive frames, and gives a change by a reversible method to the video data of a specific area in the frame of the video data of each channel, the specific area corresponding to the channel; and a plurality of first video transmission interfaces that each transmit the video data of each channel to which the change is given.

Abstract: A signal transmitter includes: a main transmission line-transmitting portion that transmits optical signals through main transmission lines; a backup transmission line-transmitting portion that transmits the optical signals through backup transmission lines paired with the main transmission lines; a selector that selects a transmission line to be used for transmitting the signals from any of the transmission lines through which the signals are transmitted by the main transmission line-transmitting portion and the backup transmission line-transmitting portion; and a controller that, when a fault occurs on at least one main transmission line, outputs a switching command to the selector based on information identifying the main transmission line with the fault, thus causing the main transmission line-transmitting portion to stop transmitting the signals to the main transmission line with the fault, while causing the backup transmission line-transmitting portion to transmit the signals being transmitted to the ma

Abstract: An imaging apparatus operating on the basis of setting information determining quality of a captured image.

Abstract: A picture signal processing circuit includes a filter unit, a memory and a main control unit. When a display operates in a first display mode, the filter unit removes high-frequency components from first picture signals supplied in a first picture size from an imaging device, to provide second picture signals. When the display operates in a second display mode, the picture signals are provided unchanged. The memory stores the first and second picture signals, reads out the second picture signals, changes the second picture signals from a first picture size to a second picture size and supplies those second picture signals to the display when the display operates in the first display mode. The first picture signals corresponding to a picture clipped from the first picture size to the second picture size are read out to the display when the display operates in the second display mode.

Abstract: A signal transmitter includes: a main transmission line-transmitting portion that transmits optical signals through main transmission lines; a backup transmission line-transmitting portion that transmits the optical signals through backup transmission lines paired with the main transmission lines; a selector that selects a transmission line to be used for transmitting the signals from any of the transmission lines through which the signals are transmitted by the main transmission line-transmitting portion and the backup transmission line-transmitting portion; and a controller that, when a fault occurs on at least one main transmission line, outputs a switching command to the selector based on information identifying the main transmission line with the fault, thus causing the main transmission line-transmitting portion to stop transmitting the signals to the main transmission line with the fault, while causing the backup transmission line-transmitting portion to transmit the signals being transmitted to the ma

Abstract: A picture signal processing circuit includes: a filter unit, when, based on first picture signals supplied from an image sensing device that images a subject in a first picture size determined by a first number of pixels, a first or second display mode for display of a picture on a display unit having a picture size determined by a second number of pixels smaller than the first number of pixels is set, that outputs second picture signals obtained by performing filter processing of removing high-frequency components from the first picture signals in the first display mode and outputs the first picture signals without change in the second display mode; a memory control unit that allows a memory to store the first or second picture signals supplied from the filter unit, and reads out the second picture signals from the memory, performs processing of reducing from the first picture size to the second picture size on the second picture signals, and output the signals to the display unit in the first display mode,

Abstract: A video signal processing apparatus includes: a level detection unit configured to detect a level of a high-frequency component extracted from an input video signal to determine whether or not the detected level is in excess of a preset predetermined threshold value; and a signal output unit configured to output, as a color video signal, an input video signal in a section in which the level of the high-frequency component has been determined by the level detection unit to be in excess of the predetermined threshold value and, as a monochromatic video signal, an input video signal in a section in which the level of the high-frequency component has been determined to be lower than the predetermined threshold value.

Abstract: An imaging apparatus operating on the basis of setting information determining quality of a captured image.

Abstract: A process for purification of (meth)acrylic acid which comprises adding to a crude (meth)acrylic acid one or two or more polar organic substances as a second component at a concentration of 1-35% by weight, crystallizing (meth)acrylic acid from the resulting (meth)acrylic acid solution, and separating the precipitated crystal of (meth)acrylic acid and a mother liquor from each other.

Abstract: A process for continuously producing tertiary butyl alcohol from water and a liquefied gas composed of isobutylene or an isobutylene-containing hydrocarbon using tertiary butyl alcohol as a solvent in the presence of a cation exchange resin in a series multistage reactor, wherein the reaction temperature in each reaction vessel of the series multistage reactor is adjusted to not more than 65.degree. C., a part of the reaction mixture in the outlet of the first reaction vessel is returned to the inlet portion of the first reaction vessel at a circulation ratio of 1.8 to 10, and the weight ratio of the tertiary butyl alcohol to the liquefied gas in the inlet portion of the first reaction vessel is 0.5 to 3.5.

Abstract: A distillation process is used to separate methanol from a mixture of methanol with methyl acrylate or methyl methacrylate, as well as from a mixture of methanol and water with methyl acrylate or methyl methacrylate with the use of an azeotropic solvent, which forms an azeotropic mixture with methanol. In distilling such a mixture by the use of a distillation column:(1) part of the condensate of vapors distilled over from the top of the distillation column top is returned to the top of the column;(2) the remaining condensate is separated into two layers;(3) the upper layer essentially composed of an azeotropic solvent from the two separated layers is fed to an intermediate portion of the distillation column;(4) the lower layer essentially composed of methanol from the above two separated layers is withdrawn from the distillation system; and(5) methyl acrylate or methyl methacrylate, or else, methyl acrylate or methyl methacrylate and water, are recovered from the bottom of the column.

Abstract: In a process for hydrating a nitrile compound by the action of a microorganism having nitrilase activity to convert the nitrile compound into the corresponding amide compound, the performances such as yield and reaction velocity are markedly enhanced by irradiation of the microorganism with light. The process of the present invention is characterized in that (a) the microorganism having nitrilase activity is a positive gram-staining microorganism, (b) the microbial cells are allowed to accept light energy of at least about 1.times.10.sup.-2 .mu.E/g microbial cells second before termination of the hydration reaction, and (c) the hydration reaction is carried out in a vessel composed at least partly of a non-light transmitting material.

Abstract: A process for preparing an unsaturated quaternary ammonium salt represented by the general formula (I):(CH.sub.2 =CR.sub.1 --COOCH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 NR.sub.2 R.sub.3 R.sub.4).sup.+ X.sup.-wherein R.sub.1 is --H or --CH.sub.3, R.sub.2 and R.sub.3 are --CH.sub.3 or --C.sub.2 H.sub.5, R.sub.4 is --CH.sub.3 or --C.sub.2 H.sub.5, and X is Cl, Br or I, by reacting an unsaturated tertiary amine represented by the general formula (II):CH.sub.2 =CR.sub.1 --COOCH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 NR.sub.2 R.sub.3wherein R.sub.1, R.sub.2 and R.sub.