Abstract: In an air-conditioning system controller provided with a central control unit and a local control unit, the central control unit includes a heat source machine measurement system for measuring an input/output state of a heat source machine, a setting unit for setting air-conditioning condition data on air-conditioning object spaces, an outdoor air measurement system for measuring outdoor air condition data, a total air-conditioning load operating unit, an optimal operating state estimation unit, and a heat source machine control. The total air-conditioning load operating unit calculates a total air-conditioning load or a heat exchange rate of the heat source machine based on chilled water inlet and outlet temperatures and chilled water flow rate of the heat source machine.

Abstract: A wound electric double-layer capacitor suppresses electrochemical reaction on polarized electrode layers, reduces characteristic degradation, and has high reliability. The capacitor has a capacitor element formed by winding positive and negative electrodes with a separator interposed between them, a metal case for storing the capacitor element and an electrolyte for driving, and a sealing member for sealing an opening of the metal case. In the positive and negative electrodes, positive and negative electrode lead wires are coupled to exposed parts of current collectors having polarized electrode layers on their both surfaces, respectively. The negative electrode is wound at least one extra turn from the winding end of the positive electrode of the capacitor element, and hence a part where the polarized electrode layers formed in the negative electrode face each other through the separator is formed on the outermost periphery of the capacitor element.

Abstract: The present invention has for its object to provide an electrolyte solution which can dramatically suppress the time degradation in performance of an electrochemical device, especially an electrochemical capacitor. The present invention relates to an electrolyte solution for electrochemical device which comprises an imidazolium salt (A) represented by the general formula (1) as a main component, wherein the content of the imidazolium salt (B) represented by the general formula (2) is not more than 15% by weight to the total weight of the imidazolium salt (A) and imidazolium salt (B); (in the formula, R1, R2 and R3 may be the same or different and each represents an alkyl group containing 1 to 3 carbon atoms; R4 and R5 may be the same or different and each represents an hydrogen atom or an alkyl group containing 1 to 3 carbon atoms; and X? represents a counter anion) (in the formula, R1, R3, R4, R5 and X? are the same as the definition for the general formula (1)).

Abstract: In an electric double-layer capacitor, resistance of a polarizable electrode layer is reduced and gas generation inside a case is suppressed in an attempt to improve reliability. On that account, an electric double-layer capacitor is provided, which is obtained by housing in a case, together with a driving electrolyte, a capacitor element wound with a separator interposed between electrodes being paired anode and cathode electrodes in each of which polarizable electrode layers are formed on and lead wires are fixed to both sides of a current collector made of metallic foil, such that the polarizable electrode layers are opposed to each other. Further, an electric double-layer capacitor is provided in which the lead wire is fixed to a polarizable-electrode-layer-removed section on the electrode where the polarizable electrode layer has been removed, and an area of the polarizable-electrode-layer-removed section is not smaller than 1 and not larger than 2.

Abstract: An electronic apparatus has an electric load, an electrochemical capacitor, and an applying section. The electric capacitor includes a positive electrode, a negative electrode and an electrolyte placed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode and supplies electric power to the electric load. The applying section opens an electrical connection between the electrochemical capacitor and the electric load, and applies a minus potential to the positive electrode and a plus potential to the negative electrode.

Abstract: A rolled copper foil according to the present invention includes a crystal grain alignment wherein: when normalized intensity of {200}Cu plane diffraction of a copper crystal in results obtained by an X-ray diffraction pole figure measurement with respect to a rolled surface is plotted against at different values of angle ?, the normalized intensity being obtained during a ? scanning in the pole figure measurement, a ratio of a maximum value A of the normalized intensity with angle ? in a range of 40° to 60° to a maximum value B of the normalized intensity with angle ? in a range of 80° to 90° is equal to or greater than 4; and when the normalized intensity increases with increasing angle ? in a range of 25° to 45°, there is essentially no area in which the normalized intensity increases stepwise.

Abstract: A diffraction grating light modulator composed of a plurality of diffraction grating light modulating elements formed on a substrate, each consisting of a lower electrode, belt-like fixed electrodes and movable electrodes supported above the lower electrode, and exposed connecting terminals (for electrical connection to external circuits) electrically connected to the movable electrodes, the fixed electrodes and the movable electrodes constituting a diffraction grating upon application of a voltage to the lower electrode, the diffraction grating light modulator having a protective electrode surrounding the connecting terminals, so that the diffraction grating light modulating element is certainly protected from damage by static electricity.

Abstract: A remote performance monitor to acquire monitoring data concerning an air-conditioning system of a monitoring target building and to determine an operating condition of the air-conditioning system, the remote performance monitor comprises a monitoring data receiver (11), a characteristic function calculator (12) and an operating condition calculator (13). The monitoring data receiver (11) receives monitoring data from a monitoring data collecting apparatus in the monitoring target building. The monitoring data is data concerning performance characteristics of air-conditioning machines installed in the air-conditioning system of the monitoring target building. The characteristic function calculator (12) calculates a characteristic function for the monitoring target building and for each of the air-conditioning machines based on the monitoring data.

Abstract: A rolled copper foil applied with a recrystallization annealing after a final cold rolling step and having a crystal grain alignment satisfying a ratio of [a]/[b]?3, where [a] and [b] are normalized average intensities of a {111}Cu plane diffraction of a copper crystal by ?-scanning at ?=35° and 74°, respectively, in an X-ray diffraction pole figure measurement to a rolled surface is manufactured by controlling a total working ratio in the final cold rolling step before the recrystallization annealing to be 94% or more; and controlling a working ratio per one pass in the final cold rolling step to be 15 to 50%.

Abstract: A control unit of a wireless connection terminal compares the received signal strength indicator of an access point currently connected to by the wireless connection terminal with the received signal strength indicator of a neighboring access point. If the difference between the two received signal strength indicators is higher than or equal to 40%, the connection to the current access point is severed and roaming in which the connection is switched to the neighboring access point is performed. Even when the difference between the two received signal strength indicators is not higher than or equal to 40%, roaming in which the connection is switched to the neighboring access point is performed if the received signal strength indicator of the access point to which the wireless connection terminal is currently connected becomes lower than or equal to 20%.

Abstract: A copper foil 1 comprises a roughened plating layer 2, a Ni—Co alloy plating layer 3, a zinc galvanized (underlying) layer 4, a chromate treatment layer 5, and a silane coupling treatment layer 6 on a surface to be bonded with a base material for a printed circuit board, and the chromate treatment layer 5 is formed by using a trivalent chromium conversion treatment solution containing 70 mg/L or more and less than 500 mg/L of trivalent chromium ions converted into metal chromium and having a pH-value of 3.0 to 4.5. According to the present invention, a copper foil for a printed circuit board, a method for fabricating the same, and a trivalent chromium conversion treatment solution used for fabricating the same, which have an excellent controllability in Zn film forming amount and chromate film forming amount can be obtained.

Abstract: An electronic apparatus has an electric load, an electrochemical capacitor, and an applying section. The electric capacitor includes a positive electrode, a negative electrode and an electrolyte placed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode and supplies electric power to the electric load. The applying section opens an electrical connection between the electrochemical capacitor and the electric load, and applies a minus potential to the positive electrode and a plus potential to the negative electrode.

Abstract: A magnetic storage medium includes a substrate. A soft magnetic material layer is arranged adjacent to the substrate. A magnetic material layer defines concentric tracks that are arranged adjacent to the soft magnetic material layer. Shield portions are arranged radially offset from and between adjacent ones of the tracks.

Abstract: A read head for a rotating magnetic storage system including concentric tracks is disclosed. The read head comprises a magnetoresistive (MR) sensor that reads information from a read track of the magnetic storage medium. First and second shields have a length greater than two tracks in a track width direction and define a gap therebetween, wherein the MR sensor is arranged in the gap. Inner magnetic portions of the first and second shields are spaced a first distance from the read track. Outer magnetic portions of the first and second shields are spaced a second distance from adjacent tracks to the read track, wherein the first distance is less than the second distance.

Abstract: Disclosed is a micromachine as a high-frequency filter which includes a high Q value and is suitable for higher frequency bands. The micromachine (1) includes an output electrode (7) formed on a substrate (5), an interlayer insulating film (9) which covers the substrate (5) and includes an opening (9a) whose bottom is the output electrode (7), and a beltlike resonator electrode (11) so formed on the interlayer insulating film (9) as to traverse above the space (A) in the opening (9a), with the resonator electrode (11) being concave toward the opening (9a) along the side wall of the opening (9a).

Abstract: A nickel plating solution preparation method has the steps of: dissolving in water 100 g/L or more and less than 200 g/L of nickel sulfate, and 10 g/L or more and less than 30 g/L of sodium citrate or 8 g/L or more and less than 25 g/L of citric acid, but adding no nickel chloride; and adjusting a pH of the resultant solution to 2 or more and less than 4. Another nickel plating solution preparation method has the steps of: dissolving in water 100 g/L or more and less than 200 g/L of nickel sulfate, and 10 g/L or more and less than 30 g/L of sodium citrate or 8 g/L or more and less than 25 g/L of citric acid, but adding no boric acid; and adjusting a pH of the resultant solution to 2 or more and less than 4.

Abstract: An electrolytic solution for electrochemical elements which comprises an anion ingredient having one or more fluorine atoms and a cation ingredient which is imidazolium or an imidazolium derivative each having one or more hydrogen atoms, and which has at least five fluorine atom/hydrogen atom pairs in each of which the distance between the fluorine atom of the anion ingredient and the hydrogen atom of the cation ingredient is 2.7 ? or shorter. For example, the ionic association compound (I) shown below has been formed in the solution. This electrolytic imidazolium solution shows a higher withstand voltage than conventional electrolytic solutions containing 1,3,4,5-tetramethylimidazolium.

Abstract: A copper foil 1 comprises a roughened plating layer 2, a Ni—Co alloy plating layer 3, a zinc galvanized (underlying) layer 4, a chromate treatment layer 5, and a silane coupling treatment layer 6 on a surface to be bonded with a base material for a printed circuit board, and the chromate treatment layer 5 is formed by using a trivalent chromium conversion treatment solution containing 70 mg/L or more and less than 500 mg/L of trivalent chromium ions converted into metal chromium and having a pH-value of 3.0 to 4.5. According to the present invention, a copper foil for a printed circuit board, a method for fabricating the same, and a trivalent chromium conversion treatment solution used for fabricating the same, which have an excellent controllability in Zn film forming amount and chromate film forming amount can be obtained.

Abstract: A copper foil for a printed circuit board has a rust preventing layer formed by a trivalent chromium chemical conversion treatment on a surface of the copper foil that the copper foil is bonded to a base material for the printed circuit board. T copper foil is of copper or copper alloy, and the rust preventing layer contains 0.5 to 2.5 ?g/cm2 of chromium converted into metallic chromium.

Abstract: Head-to-head variations in the head gap distance between write and read heads is compensated by measuring the head gap distance in each head by writing and reading a predetermined unique pattern, and compensating the timing to start the data writing by changing it in a head-to-head manner based on a time gap that corresponds to the measured head gap distance in each head. This allows data to be written at a desired physical position regardless of the variation of the head gap distance, thereby allowing formatting efficiency to be improved.