Abstract: Embodiments of this application provide a message forwarding method and an apparatus, so that a message for joining a multicast group is sent to a multicast user plane network element, and the multicast user plane network element is triggered to establish a tunnel for transmitting multicast data between the multicast user plane network element and an application server. The method may include: a multicast session management network element receives the message that indicates that a terminal is joining the multicast group; and when the terminal is the 1st terminal the multicast group, sends, to the multicast user plane network element, a message that requests to establish the tunnel for transmitting the multicast data between the multicast user plane network element and the application server.

Abstract: Provided are a method and system for controlling interactive live streaming co-hosting, a device, and a medium. The method for controlling interactive live streaming co-hosting includes acquiring a first interactive image and receiving a mirror interactive image of a second terminal by a first terminal, where the first terminal and the second terminal are in a live streaming co-hosting state, and the mirror interactive image of the second terminal is obtained by performing mirror processing on a second interactive image of the second terminal; and combining the first interactive image and the mirror interactive image by the first terminal to obtain a target interactive image.

Abstract: A method for improving the sensitivity of an assay to determine the pathogenicity of a plant root pathogen using a soil amendment is presented. The method involves growing the plant root in the presence of a soil amendment after exposure of the plant root to the pathogen. A method of breeding plants is also provided.