Abstract: An apparatus generates a pulse (or other hemodynamic) signal from an ECG signal, and displays a waveform of that signal. An ECG unit comprises electrode(s) for receiving an ECG signal waveform from live tissue and for generating a digital ECG signal; a memory storage; hardware processor(s) configured to constantly apply an integral function to the digital ECG signal and display a waveform of the integral function during a time period. The waveform of the integral function has a shape of a pulse signal waveform of the subject during the time period. The integral function comprises PWF(t)T=A?tt+TF(ECG(u))du ECG(u) represents an ECG over a specific time period using a specific time resolution. T is determined from the ECG(u) time resolution and pulse frequency, T satisfies the Nyquist sampling theory, t, u are time variables and A is a positive constant. The memory stores the integral function waveform. A weight function PWF(t)T=A?tt+TF(ECG(u))·W(u?t)du may be included.

Abstract: An apparatus generates a pulse (or other hemodynamic) signal from an ECG signal, and displays a waveform of that signal. An ECG unit comprises electrode(s) for receiving an ECG signal waveform from live tissue and for generating a digital ECG signal; a memory storage; hardware processor(s) configured to constantly apply an integral function to the digital ECG signal and display a waveform of the integral function during a time period. The waveform of the integral function has a shape of a pulse signal waveform of the subject during the time period. The integral function comprises PWF(t)T=A?tt+TF(ECG(u))du ECG(u) represents an ECG over a specific time period using a specific time resolution. T is determined from the ECG(u) time resolution and pulse frequency, T satisfies the Nyquist sampling theory, t, u are time variables and A is a positive constant. The memory stores the integral function waveform. A weight function PWF(t)T=A?tt+TF(ECG(u))·W(u?t)du may be included.

Abstract: A cart transportation system, comprising a one or more carts; a communication device incorporating a user controller that includes at least a transmitter unit, the user controller wirelessly transmitting electronic instructions to each cart controller or to a lead cart controller, each cart including a navigation system for sell-mobility in communication with the user controller, the navigation system including at least (i) a set of traction drivers for movement, (ii) a motor: and (iii) a cart controller including, a transmitter unit and receiver unit for transmitting and receiving electronic instructions so the cart controller of a particular cart defines and controls the particular cart to do at least one of (i) follow the communications device held or worn by a user; (ii) return to a base station; (iii) follow other carts of the one or more carts; and (iv) move from a first location to a second location.