Abstract: A semiconductor device may include bit line structures extending in one direction on a substrate, insulation structures between the bit line structures and spaced apart from each other, and a landing pad structure in each of openings between the bit line structures and the insulation structures. The landing pad structure may include a first barrier metal pattern filling a portion of the opening, a second barrier metal pattern along a surface profile of the opening on the first barrier metal pattern, and a first metal pattern on the second barrier metal pattern. The second barrier metal pattern may have end portions on the bit line structures adjacent the opening. The first metal pattern may have an upper surface higher than an upper surface of the bit line structure. An uppermost surface of the first barrier metal pattern is lower than a lowermost surface of the first metal pattern.

Abstract: A method for delivery of a therapeutic agent to a nervous tissue. In particular, a method of delivering a therapeutic agent to a nervous tissue protected by the brain-blood barrier or meninges is disclosed. The method for delivery allows delivery of a therapeutic agent to a nervous tissue with high efficiency. In addition, the delivery method of a therapeutic agent to a nervous tissue is safe since it has lower side effects such as nervous damage than a method of administering a therapeutic agent directly to a nervous tissue.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a composition for alleviating or treating pain. A pharmaceutical composition of the present invention contains two or more selected from the group consisting of GAD, IL-10, and a gene encoding GDNF. The pharmaceutical composition of the present invention exhibits an excellent analgesic effect at a dosage lower than that of individual administration since genes are coadministered, and thus conventional side effects and toxicity can be reduced. Therefore, the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention can be useful in alleviating or treating pain.

Abstract: A method for delivery of a therapeutic agent to a nervous tissue. In particular, a method of delivering a therapeutic agent to a nervous tissue protected by the brain-blood barrier or meninges is disclosed. The method for delivery allows delivery of a therapeutic agent to a nervous tissue with high efficiency. In addition, the delivery method of a therapeutic agent to a nervous tissue is safe since it has lower side effects such as nervous damage than a method of administering a therapeutic agent directly to a nervous tissue.