Abstract: A rail fastening assembly for fastening a rail to a sleeper and comprising an insert and a complimentary resilient clip. The insert has a shank portion extending upwardly into a jaw. The jaw has a locating recess extending along the entire length of the upper surface and with the depth for receiving the clip. The base of the jaw has a seat with a ledge extending into a projection. The clip comprises a first and second loops, each having a flat surface.