Abstract: A method for fabricating a semiconductor device includes the steps of: forming a first inter-metal dielectric (IMD) layer on a substrate; forming a contact hole in the first IMD layer; forming a bottom electrode layer in the contact hole; forming a magnetic tunneling junction (MTJ) stack on the bottom electrode layer; and removing the MTJ stack and the bottom electrode layer to form a MTJ on a bottom electrode. Preferably, the bottom electrode protrudes above a top surface of the first IMD layer.

Abstract: The physical vapor deposition tool includes a magnet component, a single cathode, and a power circuit for biasing a pedestal that supports a semiconductor substrate. During a deposition operation that deposits an inert metal material, the physical vapor deposition tool may modulate an electromagnetic field emanating from the magnet component that includes spiral-shaped bands having different ranges of magnetic strength. The physical vapor deposition tool may have an increased throughput relative to a physical vapor deposition tool without the magnet component, the single cathode, and the power circuit. Additionally, or alternatively, the inert metal material may have a grain size that is greater relative to a grain size of an inert metal material deposited using the physical vapor deposition tool without the magnet component, the single cathode, and the power circuit.

Abstract: A current controlling device includes: a first resistive circuit arranged to selectively conduct a first current to a first output terminal from a first input terminal; and a second resistive circuit arranged to selectively conduct a second current to a second output terminal from the first input terminal; wherein when the first resistive circuit conducts the first current to the first output terminal and when the second resistive circuit does not conduct the second current to the second output terminal, the first input terminal has a first input impedance; when the first resistive circuit does not conduct the first current to the first output terminal and when the second resistive circuit conducts the second current to the second output terminal, the first input terminal has a second input impedance substantially equal to the first input impedance.

Abstract: A resonating device includes: an amplifying circuit having a first input terminal, and an output terminal for outputting an output signal; a first feedback circuit coupled between the first input terminal and the output terminal of the amplifying circuit; a second feedback circuit, coupled between the first input terminal and the output terminal of the amplifying circuit; and a gain adjusting circuit, having an input terminal for receiving an input signal, and a first output terminal coupled to the first input terminal of the amplifying circuit; wherein a first equivalent impedance on a first intermediate terminal in the first feedback circuit substantially equals a second equivalent impedance on a second intermediate terminal in the second feedback circuit, and the gain adjusting circuit is arranged to tune a transfer function from the input signal to the output signal.

Abstract: A signal modulating device includes: an integrating circuit arranged to generate an integrated signal according to a scaled analog signal and a first feedback signal; a resonating circuit arranged to generate a resonating signal according to the integrated signal; a first signal converting circuit arranged to convert the resonating signal into a digital output signal; a second signal converting circuit arranged to convert the digital output signal into the first feedback signal; and a first impedance circuit having a first terminal receiving an analog signal and a second terminal coupled to the resonating circuit for altering the location of zeros in the forward-path transfer function and consequently shaping the signal transfer function (STF) of the signal modulating device; and a second impedance circuit having a first terminal receiving the analog signal and a second terminal coupled to the integrating circuit for generating the scaled analog signal.

Abstract: A resonating device includes: an amplifying circuit having a first input terminal, and an output terminal for outputting an output signal; a first feedback circuit coupled between the first input terminal and the output terminal of the amplifying circuit; a second feedback circuit, coupled between the first input terminal and the output terminal of the amplifying circuit; and a gain adjusting circuit, having an input terminal for receiving an input signal, and a first output terminal coupled to the first input terminal of the amplifying circuit; wherein a first equivalent impedance on a first intermediate terminal in the first feedback circuit substantially equals a second equivalent impedance on a second intermediate terminal in the second feedback circuit, and the gain adjusting circuit is arranged to tune a transfer function from the input signal to the output signal.

Abstract: A signal modulating device includes: an integrating circuit arranged to generate an integrated signal according to a scaled analog signal and a first feedback signal; a resonating circuit arranged to generate a resonating signal according to the integrated signal; a first signal converting circuit arranged to convert the resonating signal into a digital output signal; a second signal converting circuit arranged to convert the digital output signal into the first feedback signal; and a first impedance circuit having a first terminal receiving an analog signal and a second terminal coupled to the resonating circuit for altering the location of zeros in the forward-path transfer function and consequently shaping the signal transfer function (STF) of the signal modulating device; and a second impedance circuit having a first terminal receiving the analog signal and a second terminal coupled to the integrating circuit for generating the scaled analog signal.

Abstract: An analog-to-digital converting device includes: an integrator arranged to generate an integrating signal according to an analog input signal and a first analog feedback signal; a low-pass filter arranged to generate a first filtered signal according to the integrating signal; an analog-to-digital converter arranged to generate a digital output signal according to the first filtered signal; and a first digital-to-analog converter arranged to generate the first analog feedback signal according to the digital output signal.

Abstract: A digital to analog converting system, which comprises: a first data converting circuit, for receiving a first digital data stream transmitted at a first clock frequency, for converting the first digital data stream to a plurality of second digital data streams transmitted at a second clock frequency, and for outputting the second digital data streams in parallel; a second data converting circuit, for receiving the second digital data streams from the first data converting circuit, and for converting the second digital data streams to a third digital data stream transmitted at a third clock frequency; and a first digital to analog converter, for converting the third digital data stream to a first output analog data stream. The second clock frequency is lower than the first clock frequency and the third clock frequency.

Abstract: A current controlling device includes: a first resistive circuit arranged to selectively conduct a first current to a first output terminal from a first input terminal; and a second resistive circuit arranged to selectively conduct a second current to a second output terminal from the first input terminal; wherein when the first resistive circuit conducts the first current to the first output terminal and when the second resistive circuit does not conduct the second current to the second output terminal, the first input terminal has a first input impedance; when the first resistive circuit does not conduct the first current to the first output terminal and when the second resistive circuit conducts the second current to the second output terminal, the first input terminal has a second input impedance substantially equal to the first input impedance.

Abstract: An analog-to-digital converting device includes: an integrator arranged to generate an integrating signal according to an analog input signal and a first analog feedback signal; a low-pass filter arranged to generate a first filtered signal according to the integrating signal; an analog-to-digital converter arranged to generate a digital output signal according to the first filtered signal; and a first digital-to-analog converter arranged to generate the first analog feedback signal according to the digital output signal.

Abstract: A digital to analog converting system, which comprises: a first data converting circuit, for receiving a first digital data stream transmitted at a first clock frequency, for converting the first digital data stream to a plurality of second digital data streams transmitted at a second clock frequency, and for outputting the second digital data streams in parallel; a second data converting circuit, for receiving the second digital data streams from the first data converting circuit, and for converting the second digital data streams to a third digital data stream transmitted at a third clock frequency; and a first digital to analog converter, for converting the third digital data stream to a first output analog data stream. The second clock frequency is lower than the first clock frequency and the third clock frequency.

Abstract: A pipelined analog-to-digital converter with less power consumption is provided. In one embodiment, the pipelined analog-to-digital converter comprises a first stage, a second stage, and a third stage. The first stage receives a first stage input signal to derive a first stage output signal and a first residue. The second stage receives a second stage input signal to derive a second stage output signal and a second residue, wherein the second stage input signal corresponds to the first residue. The third stage receives a third stage input signal to derive a third stage output signal and a third residue, wherein the third stage input signal corresponds to the second residue. The first, second and third stages share an operational amplifier by utilizing at least three phases to control the operational amplifier.