Abstract: A display apparatus includes a substrate including a display area including a transmission area and a pixel area, and a peripheral area adjacent to the display area; a display element disposed corresponding to the pixel area, the display element including a pixel electrode, an intermediate layer on the pixel electrode, and an opposite electrode on the intermediate layer; a hydrophobic layer disposed corresponding to the transmission area; and a plurality of fine particles disposed on the hydrophobic layer, the plurality of fine particles and the opposite electrode including a same material.

Abstract: A method for controlling body fat in a human or nonhuman animal includes the step of reducing lipoxygenase activity in an animal. Lipoxygenase activity can be reduced by reducing the enzyme activity or by lowering the enzyme level. Reduced lipoxygenase activity correlates with reduced cell-associated LPL activity and with reduced cellular triacylglyceride level.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method of using conjugated nonadecadienoic acid (CNA), one of its derivatives, or a combination thereof to inhibit lipoprotein lipase activity associated with a cell, to control body fat in a human or non-human animal, to inhibit cyclooxygenase activity in a cell, to inhibit platelet aggregation in a human or non-human animal, and to prevent or treat a condition or disease related to platelet aggregation.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method of using conjugated nonadecadienoic acid (CNA), one of its derivatives, or a combination thereof to inhibit lipoprotein lipase activity associated with a cell, to control body fat in a human or non-human animal, to inhibit cyclooxygenase activity in a cell, to inhibit platelet aggregation in a human or non-human animal, and to prevent or treat a condition or disease related to platelet aggregation.

Abstract: A method for controlling body fat in a human or nonhuman animal includes the step of reducing lipoxygenase activity in an animal. Lipoxygenase activity can be reduced by reducing the enzyme activity or by lowering the enzyme level. Reduced lipoxygenase activity correlates with reduced cell-associated LPL activity and with reduced cellular triacylglyceride level.

Abstract: Methods of inhibiting lipoprotein lipase and controlling the body fat and the body weight of an animal employ an effective amount of at least one 20 carbon, conjugated, unsaturated, fatty acid. Pharmaceutical compositions for use in the method are also disclosed. The 20-carbon conjugated fatty acids are selected from an eicosadienoic acid, an eicosatrienoic acid, and an eicosatetraenoic acid. Preferably, the fatty acids are 11,13-eicosadienoic acid; 12,14-eicosadienoic acid; 8,11,13-eicosatrienoic acid; 5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoic acid; 5,8,12,14-eicosatetraenoic acid, or an ester, salt, or mixture thereof.

Abstract: A method of reducing body fat comprises administering to the animal a safe and effective amount of a conjugated linoleic acid. Methods of preserving or increasing the animal's body protein by administering the conjugated linoleic acid also are disclosed.