Abstract: A filter structure includes a housing having an inlet and an outlet; a first filter embedded in the housing and including a polymer membrane for filtering a first fluid flowing from the inlet into the housing; and a second filter embedded in the housing, filtering a second fluid filtered by the first filter, and including mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN).

Abstract: An electrostatic purification device includes a purification tank housing configured to accommodate a fluid, a first electrode and a second electrode provided in the purification tank housing, a direct current (DC) power supply configured to apply a DC to the first electrode and the second electrode, a controller configured to monitor a current density between the first electrode and the second electrode, and determine whether purification is completed based on the current density, a first valve configured to control an introduction flow of the fluid into the purification tank housing, a second valve configured to control a discharge flow of the fluid from the purification tank housing, and a heat exchanger configured to cool the fluid accommodated in the purification tank housing.

Abstract: A filter contamination measuring device includes: a working electrode adjacent to a first surface of a filter, the filter configured to adsorb an ionic material of a first polarity, a counter electrode disposed on the other surface of the filter, a potentiostat configured to apply a voltage of a second polarity to the working electrode for a predetermined period of time, and to measure current output from the working electrode. The potentiostat is configured to increase the voltage over the predetermined amount of time. The filter contamination measuring device further includes a controller configured to calculate a maximum current attained during the predetermined amount of time and a corresponding voltage value, and to determine the type and concentration of the ionic material based on the maximum current and the voltage value.

Abstract: A shape changeable material includes a hierarchical structure including a basic displacement unit that includes a basic separation structure and basic unit cells, and a higher level displacement unit located inside the basic unit cell and including higher level unit cells distinguished from each other by a higher level separation structure, in which a separation structure including the basic separation structure and the higher level separation structure includes joints connecting neighboring unit cells to each other. By further forming a coating layer having electric conductivity, a shape changeable electrode includes a supporter that includes a shape changeable material, and the electric conductive coating layer provided on the supporter.

Abstract: Provided are a shape changeable material and a shape changeable electrode including the same, wherein a material having a 2-dimensional (2D) shape obtained when the material is activated by a predetermined stimulus using structural and hierarchical characteristics of the shape changeable material is provided. The shape changeable material provides a material that has various 2D inherent shapes by changing a hierarchical structure of displacement units or a joint pattern, is used as a flexible material or a stretchable material, and may be closely adhered on a curved surface without a lifting. Also, by further forming a coating layer having electric conductivity, an electrode having characteristics of the shape changeable material may be provided.