Abstract: During a read operation for memory cells connected a selected word line, a memory system adjusts the overdrive voltage applied to word lines adjacent the selected word line in order to compensate for margin degradation between the erased data state and the lowest programmed data state.

Abstract: The method for manufacturing the semiconductor structure includes: providing a substrate, and forming contact holes in the substrate; depositing a metal at a bottom of each contact hole, and performing a reverse sputtering treatment to form a metal layer; in the reverse sputtering treatment, metal atoms or metal ions are sputtered onto at least a part of a side wall of each contact hole; performing a annealing treatment, to cause the substrate reacts with the metal layer to form a metal silicide layer.

Abstract: The present invention describes a new synthesis to chiral imidodiphosphoryl compounds, their salts, metal complexes as well as derivatives thereof. Said chiral imidodiphosphoryl compounds can be used as catalysts for Brønsted acid/Brønsted base or Lewis acid/Lewis base mediated transformations.

Abstract: A high-temperature and high-pressure simulator for a deep in-situ environment is provided. The simulator includes a high-fidelity sample chamber, where a lower end of the high-fidelity sample chamber is provided with a bottom cylinder. A lower end of the bottom cylinder is provided on a base. A piston rod of the bottom cylinder extends into the high-fidelity sample chamber, and an upper end of the piston rod is provided with a rock sample seat. An upper end of the high-fidelity sample chamber is provided with a rock sample cap. The top of the high-fidelity sample chamber is sealed by an end cap of the high-fidelity sample chamber. An upper end of the end cap of the high-fidelity sample chamber is provided with a multi-section coring drill chamber. The uppermost section of the coring drill chamber is connected to a lift cylinder.

Abstract: Optical whispering gallery mode (WGM) resonator-based acoustic sensors, imaging systems that make use of the acoustic sensors, and methods of detecting ultrasound waves using the acoustic sensors are disclosed.

Abstract: Disclosed are compositions, kits, and methods for inducing an immune response against disease. The dosage of antigen contained or utilized in the presently disclosed compositions, kits, and methods is substantially lower than dosages conventionally used in the field. The compositions, kits, and methods may be utilized to induce a cell-mediated response, such as a T-helper cell response, and/or a humoral response against a pathogen or a disease. In some embodiments, the compositions, kits, and methods may be utilized to induce preferentially a Th1 response versus other types of immune responses such as a Th2 response.

Abstract: Disclosed are compositions, kits, and methods for inducing an immune response against disease. The dosage of antigen contained or utilized in the presently disclosed compositions, kits, and methods is substantially lower than dosages conventionally used in the field. The compositions, kits, and methods may be utilized to induce a cell-mediated response, such as a T-helper cell response, and/or a humoral response against a pathogen or a disease. In some embodiments, the compositions, kits, and methods may be utilized to induce preferentially a Th1 response versus other types of immune responses such as a Th2 response.

Abstract: Disclosed are compositions, kits, and methods for inducing an immune response against disease. The dosage of antigen contained or utilized in the presently disclosed compositions, kits, and methods is substantially lower than dosages conventionally used in the field. The compositions, kits, and methods may be utilized to induce a cell-mediated response, such as a T-helper cell response, and/or a humoral response against a pathogen or a disease. In some embodiments, the compositions, kits, and methods may be utilized to induce preferentially a Th1 response versus other types of immune responses such as a Th2 response.

Abstract: Disclosed are compositions, kits, and methods for inducing an immune response against disease. The dosage of antigen contained or utilized in the presently disclosed compositions, kits, and methods is substantially lower than dosages conventionally used in the field. The compositions, kits, and methods may be utilized to induce a cell-mediated response, such as a T-helper cell response, and/or a humoral response against a pathogen or a disease. In some embodiments, the compositions, kits, and methods may be utilized to induce preferentially a Th1 response versus other types of immune responses such as a Th2 response.

Abstract: Disclosed are compositions, kits, and methods for inducing an immune response against disease. The dosage of antigen contained or utilized in the presently disclosed compositions, kits, and methods is substantially lower than dosages conventionally used in the field. The compositions, kits, and methods may be utilized to induce a cell-mediated response, such as a T-helper cell response, and/or a humoral response against a pathogen or a disease. In some embodiments, the compositions, kits, and methods may be utilized to induce preferentially a Th1 response versus other types of immune responses such as a Th2 response.

Abstract: The present application relates to antigens and nucleic acids encoding such antigens obtainable by screening the Chlamydia pneumoniae genome. In more specific aspects, the present application relates to methods of isolating such antigens and nucleic acids and the methods of using such isolated antigens for producing immune responses. The ability of an antigen to produce an immune response may be employed by vaccination or antibody preparation techniques.